边际效用

Marginal utility measures the additional satisfaction a person gains from consuming one more unit of a commodity. For example, the first bottle of water provides immense satisfaction to a thirsty person, while the second bottle provides less additional satisfaction. Understanding marginal utility helps explain how consumer satisfaction changes with each additional unit consumed.

The law of diminishing marginal utility states that after consuming a sufficient quantity of a commodity, the utility from each successive unit decreases, all other things being equal. As a person consumes more pizza slices, each additional slice provides less satisfaction than the previous one, eventually reaching zero or negative utility.

Total utility is the cumulative satisfaction from all units consumed, while marginal utility is the satisfaction from one additional unit. The relationship between total utility and marginal utility shows that as marginal utility decreases, total utility continues to increase but at a slower rate until marginal utility becomes negative.

Yes, marginal utility can become negative when consuming additional units actually decreases overall satisfaction. For instance, after eating many pizza slices, consuming more may cause discomfort, resulting in negative utility. This explains why consumers eventually stop purchasing additional units of a good.

Consumers use marginal utility concepts when deciding whether to purchase additional units. A motorcycle rider buys water bottles based on the satisfaction each provides. Once marginal utility becomes low or negative, the consumer stops buying, which influences demand patterns and purchasing behavior in markets.

No, the principle of diminishing marginal utility applies regardless of unit size. Whether goods are divided into large or tiny increments, each additional unit provides less satisfaction than the previous one. This creates a continuous diminishing curve on a graph, illustrating the universal nature of this economic principle.