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JoVE Business
边际替代率
边际替代率
Business

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Business
Marginal Rate of Substitution

: 边际替代率

459 Views
01:23 min
October 23, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

边际替代率 (MRS) 衡量消费者可以牺牲的一种商品的数量,以便在保持相同满意度的同时获得另一种商品的额外单位。例如,如果电影票的 books 的 MRS 为 2,则表示消费者愿意牺牲两张电影票来获得额外的一本书籍,以保持同等的满意度。

无差异曲线的下斜率是由于 MRS 递减。这是因为消费者消费任何商品的边际效用率会随着该商品消费量的增加而下降,应该减少另一种商品的消费量以弥补第一种商品的一个单位损失,以便消费者保持相同的满意度。

递减的 MRS

MRS 沿无差异曲线变化。以书籍和电影票为例,随着消费者购买更多的书籍,他们愿意为每增加一本书放弃越来越少的电影票。这是因为消费者观看的电影越少,每部电影的价值就越高。这意味着 MRS 正在递减。

Transcript

通过增加工作日和减少假期来增加收入可以使一个人负担得起具有更多卧室的更大公寓。例如,Nancy 通过选择多工作并减少假期时间,可以在她的生活空间实现这种升级。无差别曲线 (IC) 以图形方式表示这些偏好,说明了对更大公寓、更多卧室的愿望与她可以享受的假期数量之间的权衡。

边际替代率始终为负数,因为它反映了在固定预算下为获得另一种商品的数量而牺牲的一种商品的数量。

最初,Nancy 放弃了六个假期,选择了一间更大的公寓,增加了一间卧室。

随着她继续放弃假期,换取一间更大的公寓,增加两间卧室,她放弃更多假期的意愿越来越低。这是因为她的假期较少,因此每个剩余的假期对她来说都更有价值。

例如,当从 D 点搬到 E 点时,她将一个假期换成了一间更大的公寓,多了一间卧室。因此,她的 MRS 降低,使无差别曲线呈凸形。

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