Name: ac to dc conversion with rectifiers
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:49:05.000Z
Duration: 11 min 15 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

High School

Physics

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

P-PS2-6.

Single Phase Rectifiers

注意: 在这个实验中, 不要在通电时触摸电路的任何部分。交流电源仅接地, 如图1和2所示, 当函数发生器是一个源。不要磨调压器。
1. 交流电源设置
本实验采用两种交流电源;一个可变变压器 (调压器) 在低频60赫兹和功能发生器与 10 V 峰值正弦输出和1赫频率。
<ol><li>在启动之前, 将差分探头连接到一个作用域通道, 并将一个常规探头连接到另一个通道。</li>
	<li>按如下方式调整探头上的按钮: 20X (或 1/20) 上的差分探头和10X 的常规探头。不要忘记打开差分探头。</li>
	<li>在范围的每个频道的菜单上, 将探头设置为10X。对于差分探针, 手动将任何测量或结果乘以2以达到所需的20X。</li>
	<li>要设置函数发生器, 请确保50Ω输出连接到一个 BNC 到鳄鱼电缆。<ol>
<li>将鳄鱼夹子连接到常规示波器探头, 以观察函数发生器输出。</li>
		<li>将输出设置为10伏峰值和1赫频率的正弦波, 零直流偏移。</li>
		<li>观察函数发生器输出并调整其设置以实现所需的输出波形。</li>
		<li>一旦您的信号设置, 断开 BNC 连接器, 但保持功能发生器上保持其设置。从生成器输出中断开作用域探测器。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>要设置调压器, 请确保调压器输出 (看起来像一个常规的插座) 没有连接到任何电缆。<ol>
<li>保持调压器关闭, 并确保其旋钮设置为零。</li>
		<li>慢慢调整调压器旋钮到5% 输出。这将产生大约10V 峰值电压。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>半波整流器
2. 高频输入的电阻负载
<ol><li>使用函数发生器作为交流电源, 但现在将其与电路断开连接。</li>
	<li>在原始板上, 构建图1所示的电路。二极管 (D) 的额定2A01G 为 50 V 和 2 A, 而负载电阻 (R) 为51Ω。<ol>
<li>确保二极管极性是正确的。二极管上的虚线是在阴极上。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>在将差分探头连接到电路之前, 将探头的端子系在一起, 并在屏幕上调整其测量波形, 以显示零偏移电压。<ol>
<li>将差分电压探头横跨负载电阻器, 以观察输出电压V出。</li>
		<li>将常规探头连接到交流侧, 以观察中的输入电压 V。</li>
		<li>将函数发生器连接到电路。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>调整作用域上的时间基准, 以在中的 v中显示v在和v出中的最多四基本循环。制作波形的拷贝。<ol>
<li>放大二极管的关闭区域, 制作波形的拷贝。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>断开函数生成器的连接, 然后卸下差分探头以进行负载修改。保持电路和连接的其余部分。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 具有电阻负载的半波整流器
3. 高频输入的电阻电感负载
<ol><li>使用相同的电路在图1中, 连接 4.7 mH 电感器 (L) 在系列与电阻负载如图2所示。</li>
	<li>将差分电压探头横跨负载电阻器, 以观察与 R L 负载电流I输出具有相同波形形状的电阻电压V输出。</li>
	<li>打开函数生成器输出。</li>
	<li>调整作用域上的时间基准, 以在中的 v中显示v在和v出中的最多四基本循环。制作波形的拷贝。<ol>
<li>放大二极管的关闭区域, 观察关闭时间的延迟。制作波形的拷贝。</li>
		<li>关闭函数发生器输出并断开它与电路的连接。</li>
		<li>卸下电感器L并保留电路的其余部分。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 具有 R L 负载的半波整流器
4. 低频输入的电阻负载
<ol><li>确保调压器输出为 5%, 并与电路断开连接。将差分探头连接到调压器上, 打开调压器, 并稍微调整其输出以达到 10 V 峰值。<ol>
<li>捕获示波器上的波形以供参考输入电压观察。</li>
		<li>关闭调压器, 但不要更改其电压设置。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用相同的电路从图 1, 即与电感断开和电阻是唯一的负载, 连接调压器输出使用插头香蕉电缆。</li>
	<li>将差分电压探头横跨负载电阻器, 以观察输出电压, V出。</li>
	<li>打开调压器输出。远离电路, 观察示波器上的波形。如果需要调试电路, 请先关闭调压器.
</li>
	<li>调整作用域上的时间基准, 以显示V出 , 最多可达四基本周期。制作波形的副本。<ol>
<li>放大二极管的关闭区域, 制作波形的拷贝。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>关闭调压器并拆卸电路。不要更改调压器电压设置。</li>
</ol>全波整流器
5. 电阻负载
<ol><li>在原始板上, 构建图3所示的电路。<ol>
<li>确保二极管极性是正确的。二极管上的虚线是在阴极上。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>一旦电路准备就绪, 将调压器输出连接为交流电源。</li>
	<li>将差分电压探头横跨负载电阻器, 以观察输出电压V出。</li>
	<li>打开调压器输出。远离电路, 观察示波器上的波形。如果需要调试电路, 请先关闭调压器.
</li>
	<li>调整作用域上的时间基准, 以显示v出 , 在中最多可有四基本周期 v。制作波形的拷贝。<ol>
<li>使用游标度量V出的峰值峰值值。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>保持探头连接, 然后关闭调压器并拆卸电路。<ol>
<li>不要更改调压器电压设置。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig3.jpg"> 图 3.具有电阻负载的全波整流器.
6. 带滤波电容器的电阻负载
<ol><li>在图3中使用相同的电路, 将电解电容 (C) 与电阻负载并联, 如图4所示。<ol>
<li>确保电容器极性是正确的 (-) 终端连接到负侧的负载。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>打开调压器输出。远离电路, 观察示波器上的波形。在调试电路之前, 请关闭调压器电源。</li>
	<li>调整作用域上的时间基准, 以显示V出 , 最多可达四基本的 VIN 周期。制作波形的拷贝。<ol>
<li>通过使用游标和该通道的交流耦合选项 (ac 耦合消除信号的 DC 偏移量) 来测量V出的峰值值。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>测量完成后, 将其返回到直流耦合。</li>
	<li>关掉调压器</li>
	<li>拆卸电路并清理工作台。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig4.jpg"> 图 4.具有电阻负载和电容滤波的全波整流器

二极管整流器几乎在每一个电源, 充电器, 变频驱动器, 并在许多保护电路。大多数直流电源或可调交流电源使用二极管整流器转换 ac 到 DC, 然后到可调 ac 电源和变频驱动器, 如果需要。在电力电子转换器的应用是常见的电压阻断, 并为自由能源的电感, 机电继电器, 和电机绕组。二极管应用扩展到电力电子应用领域, 以低功耗电子、通信系统和照明应用。

单相整流器

资料来源: Bazzi, 康涅狄格州大学电气工程系, 斯托斯, CT。
直流电源通常被认为是一个设备, 提供直流, 或单向, 电压和电流。电池是一种这样的电源, 但是, 它们在寿命和费用方面是有限的。提供单向电源的另一种方法是使用整流器将交流线路电源转换为直流电源。
整流器是一种将电流传递到一个方向的装置, 并将其阻挡在另一个方向, 使交流电转换为直流。整流器是重要的电子电路, 因为他们只允许在一定的方向电流在一定的阈值前向电压克服。整流器可以是二极管, 硅控制器整流器, 或其他类型的硅的 P-N 路口。二极管有两个端子, 阳极和阴极, 其中电流从阳极流向阴极。整流电路使用一个或多个二极管, 改变交流电压和电流, 这是两极, 对单极电压和电流, 可以很容易地过滤, 以实现直流电压和电流。

预计电阻负载耦合到半波整流将只看到输入交流电压的正半周期, 因为二极管整流器可以通过电流在一个方向。在全桥整流下, 输入正负半循环是正的, 但加一个电容器会过滤掉大部分的电压波动, 并为负载提供一个干净的直流电压。
当电感器随负载增加串联时, 预计二极管关闭将会延迟。这可以解释如下: 二极管关闭在两个条件下 (需要共存) 1) 在二极管的电流必须去到零, 和 2) 的电压横跨二极管 (阳极-到阴极电压) 是低于轮-在阈值。当感应器与负载串联时, 它储存能量, 当源不可用时, 或在二极管的阳极一侧呈负值时, 它将充当电流源。因此, 电感电流将保持二极管向前偏置, 直到电感能量消散。在 =v0cos (ωt) 中, 控制基本整流电路与输入V的关键方程式:
<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-p...

Source: Ali Bazzi, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
A DC power supply is generally considered to be a device ...

单相整流器用于将交流电源电压和电流转换为直流电，以满足设备和数字电子设备的供电需求。提供给家庭和商业的标准主电源是交流电。但是，大多数数字电子设备都设计为使用直流电源运行。整流器是可用于将交流电转换为兼容直流电源的设备。整流器仅在一个方向上传递电流，从而将双极交流输入转换为单极整流输出。整流器电路使用一个或多个二极管仅通过正或负交流电源，从而产生脉动源，然后将其过滤以实现平滑、一致的直流电压和电流。本视频介绍了基本的整流器和二极管电路概念，演示了几种常见的整流器电路，并测试了整流器电路的电压输出是否在电压输入和负载配置方面发生了变化。整流器是电子电路中使用的器件，用于在一个方向上通过电流并在另一个方向上阻止电流。整流器仅在超过阈值正向电压时才允许电流通过。二极管整流器有两个端子，阳极和阴极，电流从阳极流向阴极，从阴极到阳极被阻断。单相半波整流器通过单个二极管传递电压。在该电路中，只有交流输入电压的正半部分通过负载电阻器传输到输出。如果二极管接反，则电阻器上只会出现 AC 输入电压的负半部分。交流周期负半部分的电压被阻断。只有一个极性，即 RMS 或均方根，与双极性输入电压相比，输出电压会降低。如图所示，全波整流器将交流输入电压的两个半周期通过四二极管桥式电路。翻转负半部分的极性，并在负载电阻器上产生更高的平均输出电压。整流器会产生单向但脉动的电流，这种影响在半波整流器中更为明显。但是，整流器的输出通常通过添加与负载电阻串联的电感来过滤。在全波整流器中，与负载电阻器并联组装的电容器起到相同的作用。本视频演示了在不同输出负载下的半波和全波单相整流器作、二极管关断特性以及使用不同电路对直流输出电压进行滤波。对于整流器作的演示，使用了两种不同的交流电源，高频，1 kHz 输入，使用具有 10 伏峰值正弦输出的函数发生器产生。低频 60 赫兹输入由分流器提供。通电时请勿触摸电路的任何部分。使用函数发生器源时，电路接地，如图所示。不要将 variac 电源接地。要设置高频输出的函数发生器，请将差分探头连接到示波器通道 1，将 10x 探头连接到通道 2。将差分探头上的缩放因子调整为 20 倍，将 10 倍探头上的 10 倍调整。在示波器通道菜单上，将两个探针都设置为 10x。对于差分探头，手动将测量值乘以 2 以达到 20 倍的所需输出。接下来，将 BNC 转鳄鱼电缆连接到函数发生器的 50 欧姆输出，并将鳄鱼夹连接到 10 倍示波器探头。将输出设置为 10 伏峰值和 1,000 赫兹正弦波形，直流偏移为零。相应地设置信号后，断开 bnc 连接器和示波器探头，但保持函数发生器打开以保持其设置。要设置低频输出的 variac，请确保输出插座已断开，并且其关闭且旋钮设置为零。接下来，慢慢将 variac 旋钮调整到 5% 的输出，以达到 10 伏的峰值。首先，用高频输入电压和电阻负载测试半波整流器。如图所示构建电路，使用 51 欧姆负载电阻器和一个额定电压为 50 伏特和 2 安培的二极管。二极管极性在阴极端用破折号标记。在将差分探头连接到电路之前，将探头的端子连接在一起，并将波形调整为零偏移电压。然后，将差分电压探头连接到负载电阻器两端以观察输出电压，将 10x 探头连接到交流侧以观察输入电压。接下来，根据示波器调整时间，以显示四个输入电压周期的输入和输出电压。在进行任何修改之前，请断开函数发生器并从电路中取出差分探头。接下来，测试具有高频输入和电阻感性负载的半波整流器。重复使用电路，添加一个与电阻器串联的电感器，如图所示。如前所述，将探头连接到电路并显示输入和输出电压的波形。关闭函数发生器，断开差分探头，并从电路中取出电感。最后，测试具有低频输入和电阻负载的半波整流器。将差分探头跨过 variac 并打开它。调整 variac 以获得 10 V 峰值输出，然后在不更改其电压设置的情况下关闭 variac 。如图所示，将 variac 输出连接到电阻电路。然后，将差分电压探头连接到负载电阻上，以观察输出电压。打开 variac。请勿在连接和打开变压器电源的情况下触摸电路。如前所述，显示输入和输出电压的波形。首先，用电阻负载测试全波整流器。如图所示构建电路，并将探头和 variac 输出连接到电路。如前所述，显示输入和输出电压的波形并测量峰峰值电压。保留探头连接，关闭 variac 并连接一个与电阻负载并联的电解电容器。然后观察输入和输出电压。第一个图显示了交流电源电压的四个周期和耦合到半波整流器的电阻负载的输出。只有输入交流电压的正半周期通过二极管整流器。如果半波整流器电路的输入电压是正弦波，则具有电阻负载的单个二极管的平均电压输出是输入峰值电压除以 pi。当电感器与负载电阻器串联时，二极管关断区域会延迟。电感器和电阻器的这种组合是一个低通滤波器。当电感值足够大时，输出的振荡分量被阻塞，只留下恒定的直流分量。对于全桥整流器，输入正半周期通过电路，负半周期整流为正。添加足够大的电容器可以过滤掉大部分电压纹波，并为负载提供一致的直流电压。二极管整流器用于大多数电源、充电器、变频驱动器和许多保护电路中。首先，交流电源适配器用于转换直流供电机器的电源或为设备中包含的直流电池充电。适配器可以像一个电路一样简单，该电路由一个变压器组成，用于降低 120 伏壁式电源的电压，一个四二极管桥式全波整流器和一个电容器，用于平滑直流输出电压。晶闸管是硅控制整流器，常用于调光器、电机速度控制器和稳压器。根据设计，晶闸管用于交替层的 P 和 N 型半导体，用于在 P 型端产生阳极，在 N 型端产生阴极，并在阴极旁边形成连接到 P 型层的栅极跳跃。超过闭锁阈值时，进入栅极的电流脉冲将晶闸管从关切换到导通，从而允许正向电流从阳极流向阴极。这可整流一个方向的电流，并通过集成的开关机构调节输出功率。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 对单相整流器的介绍。现在，您应该了解单相整流器的工作原理、常见的整流器电路及其输出，以及一些常见的整流器应用。感谢观看。

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ac to dc conversion with rectifiers

Rectifiers convert AC power into DC power for electronic circuits. A DC power supply provides unidirectional voltage and current. Batteries can do this, but they are limited by lifetime and cost. Using a rectifier is another way to turn AC line power into DC power.

A rectifier is a device that lets current pass in one direction and blocks it in the other. It works after a forward voltage threshold is reached. Rectifiers may use a diode, a silicon controlled rectifier, or other silicon P-N junction devices. In a diode, current flows from the anode to the cathode.

Rectifier circuits use one or more diodes to change AC voltages and currents, which are bipolar, into unipolar voltages and currents. The output can then be filtered to produce DC voltage and current that are easier to use in electronic systems.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers

electrical safety precautions and basic equipment

electrical-safety-precautions-and-basic-equipment

Safe Handling of High-Voltage Lab Power

Safe handling of high-voltage lab power is essential in electric machine and power electronics experiments. These labs involve electrical currents, voltages, power, and energy that require extreme care. The systems used in this work can include three-phase AC voltage at 208 V, 230 V, or 480 V. They may also use up to 250 V DC and currents that can reach 10 A. These levels can be dangerous if handled without proper attention. Electrocution can happen when electricity passes through the body.

characterization of magnetic components

B-H Curves and Inductor Core Limits

Magnetic components such as inductors and transformers depend on the core material around their windings. In this experiment, students get hands-on experience with these parts from both a design view and a material view. The work focuses on B-H curves, which show the magnetic behavior of a material. A B-H curve describes the magnetic flux density the core can support as current flows through the windings. It also helps show the limit before magnetic saturation occurs. Magnetic saturation...

introduction to the power pole board

Power Pole Board for DC/DC Converter Labs

The HiRel Power Pole Board is a flexible tool for studying DC/DC converters. A DC/DC converter changes direct-current voltage and current from one level to another. In many cases, voltage conversion is the main goal. This board supports several converter types on one platform. It can be used to examine boost converters, which step voltage up, and buck converters, which step voltage down. It also helps students study buck-boost converters, which can step voltage up or down. The board is also...

dc/dc boost converter

Stepping Up DC Voltage with Boost Converters

DC voltage can be increased with a boost converter. This step-up circuit is useful in many applications where a DC source must be raised without first converting it to AC, using a transformer, and then rectifying the transformer output. A boost converter uses an inductor as an energy storage device. The inductor supports the output with extra energy in addition to the DC input source. That added energy raises the output voltage. This experiment studies several characteristics of a boost...

dc/dc buck converter

Buck Converter Step-Down DC Voltage

A DC/DC buck converter steps down DC voltage in an efficient, regulated way. Unlike transformers, which easily raise or lower AC voltage and current, DC systems need switching power converters to change voltage levels. The buck converter works by chopping the input DC voltage with a series input switch. An L-C low-pass filter then smooths the chopped signal and extracts the average output voltage. A diode gives the inductor current a path when the switch is off during part of the switching...

flyback converter

Flyback Converter Voltage Step-Up and Step-Down

A flyback converter is a buck-boost converter that can both step voltage up and step it down. It also provides electrical isolation between the input and the output by using a coupled inductor, or flyback transformer. The coupled inductor acts like a transformer with a turns ratio, but it also stores energy through the air gap. This setup gives the converter both voltage step-up and step-down capability. In the experiment, the converter is studied in open-loop operation with a manually set...

single phase transformers

Single Phase Transformer Testing

Single-phase transformers step up or step down AC voltage in electric power systems. They are stationary electric machines with primary and secondary coils, also called windings. The primary winding receives the applied voltage, and the secondary winding delivers the changed voltage. Inside the transformer, current in one winding creates magnetic flux in the core. This flux links the two windings and transfers energy between them. With AC current, the changing flux induces voltage in the...

single phase rectifiers

Rectifiers convert AC power into DC power for electronic circuits. A DC power supply provides unidirectional voltage and current. Batteries can do this, but they are limited by lifetime and cost. Using a rectifier is another way to turn AC line power into DC power. A rectifier is a device that lets current pass in one direction and blocks it in the other. It works after a forward voltage threshold is reached. Rectifiers may use a diode, a silicon controlled rectifier, or other silicon P-N...

thyristor rectifier

Controlling SCR Half-Wave Rectification

Thyristors, also called silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), are used to control current in a rectifier circuit. Like diodes, they let current pass from the anode to the cathode and block current in the opposite direction. Unlike a diode, a thyristor can be turned on with a gate terminal that receives a small current pulse. A thyristor is a four-layer device with alternating n-type and p-type layers. These layers form a PNPN structure with three junctions. The device has three terminals. The...

single phase inverter

DC to AC Conversion with Half-Bridge Inverters

DC to AC conversion is the main idea behind a power inverter. DC power flows in one direction, while AC current changes direction at about 50-60 Hz. Many electronic devices are designed to run on AC power, so a DC source must be inverted before it can be used with them. An inverter makes this change through switching action. The switches repeatedly flip the polarity of the input DC source at the output, or load side, for part of a switching period. A typical power inverter needs a stable DC...

dc motors

DC Motors and Generator Action

DC machines use direct current and direct voltage to create motion or generate electricity. They were the first machines of this kind to be invented. A DC machine works with two magnetic fields that are controlled by DC currents, and the same machine can be set up as either a motor or a generator when the right field excitation is available. In a DC machine, the field is usually on the stator side and the armature is on the rotor side. That arrangement is the reverse of what is found in many...

ac induction motor characterization

Three-Phase Motor Equivalent Circuit Tests

Three-phase induction motor testing can be used to find equivalent circuit parameters. The experiment uses the per-phase equivalent circuit to model the motor. This model keeps the important behavior of the original system and makes calculations easier. The procedure uses tests similar to those used in transformer characterization. These measurements help estimate the motor's circuit values from its electrical response. The experiment also aims to operate the motor in the linear torque-speed...

vfd-fed ac induction machine

Variable Frequency Drive Speed Control

Variable frequency drives, or VFDs, control the speed of AC induction motors. They are a type of adjustable speed drive and are becoming standard equipment for powering most AC induction motors. In industrial and automation settings, VFDs can provide strong control of motor speed, torque, or position. This experiment focuses on speed control with open-loop operation. It uses constant voltage-to-frequency ratio control, also called V/f control. The motor usually operates at a rated stator flux,...

ac synchronous machine synchronization

Grid Connection of AC Synchronous Generators

AC synchronous generators are a major source of electrical power worldwide. They are three-phase, wound-rotor machines that are used in many power plants. These generators need a prime mover and an exciter to produce power. A prime mover is the device that spins the generator, often a turbine driven by fluid. That fluid can come from water flowing from a dam through a long nozzle or from steam made by burning coal. Most power plants use synchronous generators, including coal, nuclear, natural...

ac synchronous machine characterization

Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Starting and V-Curves

Three-phase synchronous motors and generators are important AC machines. Wound-rotor synchronous motors are less common than permanent magnet rotor synchronous motors because the rotor field uses brushes. Synchronous generators are much more common. They are used in most existing power plants because they provide excellent frequency and voltage regulation. A synchronous motor runs at the same speed as the stator magnetic field. This gives it almost 0% speed regulation, so the rotor speed stays...

electrical engineering

本系列从电气安全视频开始, 介绍了电气实验室中常用设备的最佳实践。随后的视频介绍了电感器、变压器、变流器、整流器和逆变器等元素。

Learn how rectifiers turn AC line power into DC, how diodes block reverse current, and why rectifier circuits matter in electronic systems.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers | JoVE K12

Ali Bazzi

Overview

Principles of Single-Phase Rectifiers

AC Source Setup

Half-Wave Rectifier Test

Full-Wave Rectifier Test

Representative Results

Applications

Summary

Newton's Second Law

Newton&#39;s second law is closely related to his first law of motion. It mathematically gives the cause-and-effect relationship between force and changes ...

Second Law: Motion under Same Force

Newton&#39;s laws can be applied to bodies at rest and bodies in motion. Newton&#39;s first law is applied to bodies in equilibrium, whereas the second ...

Force and Acceleration

Source: Nicholas Timmons,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, ...

second-law-motion-under-same-acceleration

Second Law: Motion under Same Acceleration

Newton&#39;s second law of motion applies to bodies moving under the same acceleration. For example, when a baggage tractor pulls luggage carts, each cart ...

Newton's Laws of Motion

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment examines at various situations involving two interacting ...

Newton's Law of Motion

When we observe objects around us, one question that comes to mind is why they move or stay still. The answer to this question can be explained using ...

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

P-PS2-1

Force and Momentum

Force and momentum are intimately related. Force acting over time can change momentum, and Newton&#39;s second law of motion can be stated in its most ...

Internal and External Forces

Newton&#39;s first law states that a net external force causes a change in motion. External forces act on an object or system, originating outside of the ...

Conservation of Momentum: Introduction

The total momentum of a system consisting of N interacting objects is constant in time or is conserved. A system must meet two requirements for its ...

Force

Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we ...

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Momentum: Problem Solving

Solving problems using the conservation of momentum requires four basic steps:

	Identify a closed system, where the total mass is constant, and no net ...

conservation-of-linear-momentum-for-a-system-of-particles

Conservation of Linear Momentum for a System of Particles

In a game of billiards, when the cue ball strikes a stationary ball, it transfers some of its momentum to the stationary ball. The cue ball slows down, ...

principle-of-linear-impulse-and-momentum-for-a-system-of-particles

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a System of Particles

Consider a system of particles moving relative to an inertial frame of reference.
The equation of motion for such a system can be written as the sum of ...

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

P-PS2-2

principle-of-linear-impulse-and-momentum-for-a-single-particle

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a Single Particle

Linear momentum is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the motion of an object. It is a vector quantity, having a magnitude equal to the ...

principle-of-angular-impulse-and-momentum-problem-solving

Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum: Problem Solving

Consider a ball of mass m, attached to a massless rod of known length, subjected to a time-dependent torque. If the initial velocity of the mass is known, ...

Linear Momentum

The term momentum is used in various ways in everyday language, most of which are consistent with the precise scientific definition. Generally, momentum ...

principle-of-angular-impulse-and-momentum

Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum

The angular impulse and momentum principle provides insights into how forces applied at a distance from an object&#39;s rotational axis influence its ...

principle-linear-impulse-momentum-for-single-particle-problem

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a Single Particle: Problem Solving

Consider a massless pulley system consisting of a wooden box and a cylinder of known masses. Determine the speed of the attached objects at a specific ...

Angular Momentum

Angular momentum describes the rotational motion of an object.
It is defined as the moment of the object&#39;s linear momentum about a specific point O.
...

relation-between-moment-of-a-force-and-angular-momentum

Relation Between Moment of a Force and Angular Momentum

In a spinning top, applying a force at a distance from the center creates torque, which changes the angular momentum of the top, causing it to spin.
The ...

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the effect of a force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

P-PS2-3

Gravitation

In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down the ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14716.jpg

Newton's Law of Gravitation

Our everyday observation tells us that all objects close to the Earth naturally tend to fall to the ground. Early philosophers assumed that this downward ...

gravitation-between-spherically-symmetric-masses

Gravitation Between Spherically Symmetric Masses

The gravitational potential energy between two spherically symmetric bodies can be calculated from the masses and the distance between the bodies, ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14717.jpg

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton&#39;s law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, ...

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude ...

comparison-between-electrical-and-gravitational-forces

Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces

There are four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. To ...

Newton's Law of Gravitational Attraction

Sir Isaac Newton established the universality of the law of gravitational attraction based on empirical evidence and inductive reasoning. He published his ...

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

Use mathematical representations of Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

P-PS2-4

Types of Forces

In most situations, forces can be grouped into two categories: contact forces and field forces.&#160; Contact forces occur as a result of direct physical ...

Magnetic Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Magnetic fields can be ...

Electric Charge in a Magnetic Field

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment duplicates J.J. Thomson's famous experiment at the end of ...

Electric Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
An electric field is generated ...

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by ...

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Energy Stored in Capacitors

A parallel plate capacitor connected to a battery develops a potential difference across its plates.
By integrating the equation relating voltage and ...

Power and Energy

Energy is the total work required to drive the current through the circuit.
A rise in voltage results in more work done, passing more current, resulting ...

Voltage

The movement of electrons in a conductor requires some form of energy or work, usually provided by an external force, like a battery. This force is called ...

Electromotive Force

Electromotive force (emf) is the force that causes current to flow from a higher to a lower&#160; potential. The term &#34;electromotive ...

Electrical Energy

Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the ...

Electrical Current

Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large ...

Electric Potential Energy

When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge q, it is given kinetic energy. The process is analogous to an object accelerated by a ...

Electrical Power

Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

P-PS2-5

sources-and-properties-of-electric-charge

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom ...

Electric Charges

From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the ...

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces ...

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central&#160;core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the ...

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers

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