Name: ac to dc conversion with rectifiers
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:49:05.000Z
Duration: 11 min 15 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

High School

Physics

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

P-PS2-6.

Single Phase Rectifiers

ATTENTION: During this experiment, do not touch any part of the circuit while energized. The AC source is only grounded as shown in Fig. 1 and 2 when the function generator is a source. Do NOT ground the VARIAC.
1. AC Source Setup
For this experiment, two AC sources are used; a variable transformer (VARIAC) at a low frequency of 60 Hz and a function generator with 10 V peak sinusoidal output and 1 kHz frequency.
<ol>
	<li>Before starting, connect the differential probe to one scope channel, and a regular probe to the other channel.</li>
	<li>Adjust the buttons on the probes as follows: differential probe at 20X (or 1/20) and the regular probe at 10X. Do not forget to turn ON the differential probe.</li>
	<li>On each channel's menu on the scope, set the probe to be at 10X. For the differential probe, manually multiply any measurements or results by two to reach the 20X desired.</li>
	<li>To set up the function generator, make sure the 50 Ω OUTPUT is connected to a BNC-to-alligator cable.
	<ol>
		<li>Connect the alligator clips to a regular scope probe to observe the function generator output.</li>
		<li>Set the output to be a sinusoid at 10 V peak and 1 kHz frequency with zero DC offset.</li>
		<li>Observe the function generator output and adjust its settings to achieve the desired output waveform.</li>
		<li>Once your signal is set, disconnect the BNC connector but keep the function generator ON to maintain its settings. Disconnect the scope probe from the generator output.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>To setup the VARIAC, make sure the VARIAC output (looks like a regular receptacle) is not connected to any cable.
	<ol>
		<li>Keep the VARIAC OFF and make sure its knob is set to zero.</li>
		<li>Slowly adjust the VARIAC knob to 5% output. This should yield around 10V peak voltage.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
Half-Wave Rectifier
2. Resistive Load with High Frequency Input
<ol>
	<li>Use the function generator as the AC source but keep it disconnected from the circuit for now.</li>
	<li>On the proto board, build the circuit shown in Fig.1. The diode (D) is 2A01G-T rated for 50 V and 2 A while the load resistor (R) is 51 Ω.
	<ol>
		<li>Make sure the diode polarity is correct. The dash on the diode is at the cathode.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Before connecting the differential probe to the circuit, tie the probe's terminals together and adjust its measured waveform on the screen to show zero offset voltage.
	<ol>
		<li>Connect the differential voltage probe across the load resistor to observe the output voltage Vout.</li>
		<li>Connect a regular probe across the AC side to observe the input voltage Vin.</li>
		<li>Connect the function generator to the circuit.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Adjust the time base on the scope to show Vin and Vout for up to four fundamental cycles of Vin. Make a copy of the waveforms.
	<ol>
		<li>Zoom in at the diode turn-off region and make a copy of the waveforms.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Disconnect the function generator and remove the differential probe for load modifications. Keep the rest of the circuit and connections as they are.</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Rectifier circuit diagram, AC input to DC output, diode and resistor components." src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1: Half-wave rectifier with resistive load
3. Resistive-Inductive Load with High Frequency Input
<ol>
	<li>Using the same circuit in Fig. 1, connect a 4.7 mH inductor (L) in series with the resistive load as shown in Fig. 2.</li>
	<li>Connect the differential voltage probe across the load resistor to observe the resistor voltage Vout which has the same waveform shape as the R-L load current Iout.</li>
	<li>Turn the function generator output ON.</li>
	<li>Adjust the time base on the scope to show Vin and Vout for up to four fundamental cycles of Vin. Make a copy of the waveforms.
	<ol>
		<li>Zoom in at the diode turn-off region and observe the delay in the turn-off time. Make a copy of the waveforms.</li>
		<li>Turn the function generator output OFF and disconnect it from the circuit.</li>
		<li>Remove the inductor L and keep the rest of the circuit as it is.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
<img alt="AC-DC conversion circuit diagram with diode, inductor, resistor; visualizing current flow." src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure 2"> 
Figure 2: Half-wave rectifier with R-L load
4. Resistive Load with Low Frequency Input
<ol>
	<li>Make sure the VARIAC output is at 5% and disconnected from the circuit. Connect the differential probe across the VARIAC, turn the VARIAC ON and slightly adjust its output to achieve 10 V peak.
	<ol>
		<li>Capture the waveform on the scope to use as your reference input voltage observation.</li>
		<li>Turn the VARIAC OFF but do not change its voltage setting.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Using the same circuit from Fig. 1, i.e. with the inductor disconnected and the resistor being the only load, connect the VARIAC output using the plug-banana cable.</li>
	<li>Connect the differential voltage probe across the load resistor to observe the output voltage, Vout.</li>
	<li>Turn ON the VARIAC output. Stay away from the circuit and observe the waveforms on the scope. If you need to debug your circuit, power the VARIAC OFF first.</li>
	<li>Adjust the time base on the scope to show Vout for up to four fundamental cycles. Make a copy of the waveform.
	<ol>
		<li>Zoom in at the diode turn-off region and make a copy of the waveforms.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Turn OFF the VARIAC and disassemble your circuit. Do NOT change the VARIAC voltage setting.</li>
</ol>
Full-Wave Rectifier
5. Resistive Load
<ol>
	<li>On the proto board, build the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
	<ol>
		<li>Make sure the diode polarity is correct. The dash on the diode is at the cathode.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Once the circuit is ready, connect the VARIAC output as the AC source.</li>
	<li>Connect the differential voltage probe across the load resistor to observe the output voltage Vout.</li>
	<li>Turn ON the VARIAC output. Stay away from the circuit and observe the waveforms on the scope. If you need to debug your circuit, power the VARIAC OFF first.</li>
	<li>Adjust the time base on the scope to show Vout for up to four fundamental cycles of Vin. Make a copy of the waveforms.
	<ol>
		<li>Measure the peak-to-peak value of Vout by using the cursors.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Keep the probe connections as they are and Turn OFF the VARIAC and disassemble your circuit.
	<ol>
		<li>Do NOT change the VARIAC voltage setting.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Bridge rectifier circuit diagram, converting AC to DC, showing diodes D1, D2, resistor R." src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure 3"> 
Figure 3. Full-wave rectifier with resistive load.
6. Resistive Load with Filtering Capacitor
<ol>
	<li>Using the same circuit in Fig. 3, connect an electrolytic capacitor (C) in parallel with the resistive load as shown in Fig. 4.
	<ol>
		<li>Make sure the capacitor polarity is correct with the ( - ) terminal connected to negative side of the load.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Turn ON the VARIAC output. Stay away from the circuit and observe the waveforms on the scope. Before debugging the circuit, power the VARIAC OFF.</li>
	<li>Adjust the time base on the scope to show Vout for up to four fundamental cycles of VIN. Make a copy of the waveforms.
	<ol>
		<li>Measure the peak-to-peak value of Vout by using the cursors and the AC coupling option for that channel (AC coupling eliminates the DC offset of a signal).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Return this to DC coupling once the measurement is made.</li>
	<li>Turn OFF the VARIAC.</li>
	<li>Disassemble the circuit and clean up the bench.</li>
</ol>
<img alt="AC to DC conversion, bridge rectifier circuit diagram, diode configuration, electrical engineering." src="/files/ftp_upload/10257/10257fig4.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure 4"> 
Figure 4. Full-wave rectifier with resistive load and capacitive filtering

Diode rectifiers are almost in every power supply, charger, variable frequency drive, and in many protection circuits. Most DC power supplies or adjustable AC power supplies use diode rectifiers to convert AC to DC, and then to adjustable AC if needed as in AC power supplies and variable frequency drives. Applications in power electronic converters are common for voltage blocking, and for freewheeling energy in inductors, electro-mechanical relays, and motor windings. Diode applications extend beyond power electronics ap...

single phase rectifiers

Source: Ali Bazzi, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
A DC power supply is generally considered to be a device that supplies DC, or unidirectional, voltage and current. Batteries are one such power supply, however, they are limited in terms of lifetime and expense. An alternative method to providing unidirectional power is to transform AC line power to DC power using a rectifier.
A rectifier is a device that passes current in one direction, and blocks it in the other direction, enabling the transformation of AC to DC. Rectifiers are important in electronic circuits as they only allow current in a certain direction after a certain threshold forward voltage across them is overcome. A rectifier can be a diode, a silicon controller rectifier, or other types of silicon P-N junctions. Diodes have two terminals, the anode and the cathode, where current flows from anode to cathode. Rectifier circuits use one or more diodes that change AC voltages and currents, which are bipolar, to unipolar voltages and currents that can be easily filtered to achieve DC voltages and currents.

It is expected that a resistive load coupled to a half-wave rectifier will only see the positive half-cycle of the input AC voltage since the diode rectifier can pass current in one direction. With a full-bridge rectifier, the input positive and negative half-cycles are rectified to be positive, but adding a capacitor will filter out most of the voltage ripple and provide the load with a clean DC voltage.
When an inductor is add...

Source: Ali Bazzi, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
A DC power supply is generally considered to be a device ...

Single-phase rectifiers are used to convert AC supply voltage and current to DC, as required for powering equipment and digital electronic devices. Standard mains power supplied to homes and commerce is AC. However, most digital electronics are designed to run on DC power. Rectifiers are devices that can be used to transform AC electricity to a compatible DC supply. A rectifier passes current in only one direction, thereby transforming bipolar AC input to a unipolar rectified output. Rectifier circuits use one or more diodes to pass only positive or negative AC power, resulting in a pulsating source, which is then filtered to achieve smooth, consistent, DC voltage and current. This video introduces fundamental rectifier and diode circuitry concepts, demonstrates several common rectifier circuits, and tests the voltage output of rectifier circuits with variations in voltage input and loading configuration.Rectifiers are devices used in electronic circuits to pass current in one direction and block it in the other direction. Rectifiers allow the passage of current only when a threshold forward voltage is surpassed. Diode rectifiers have two terminals, the anode and the cathode, with current flowing from anode to cathode and blocked from cathode to anode. Single-phase half-wave rectifiers pass voltage across across a single diode. In this circuit, only the positive half of the AC input voltage transmits to the output across the load resistor. If the diode were reversed, only the negative half of the AC input voltage would appear across the resistor. Voltage for the negative half of the AC cycle is blocked. With only one polarity, the RMS, or root mean squared, output voltage is reduced compared to that of the bi-polar input voltage. Full-wave rectifiers pass both half cycles of the AC input voltage across a four diode bridge circuit, as shown. Flipping the polarity of the negative half and yielding a higher average output voltage across the load resistor. Rectifiers result in a unidirectional, but pulsating current with the effect more apparent in half-wave rectifiers. However, the output of the rectifier is typically filtered by the addition of an inductor in series with the load resistance. In the full-wave rectifier, a capacitor assembled in parallel to the load resistor serves the same purpose. This video illustrates half and full-wave single phase rectifier operation with different output loads, diode turn off characteristics, and filtering of the DC output voltage using different circuits.For this demonstration of rectifier operation, two different AC sources are used, high frequency, one kilohertz input, is produced using a function generator with 10 volt peak sinusoidal output. Low frequency 60 hertz input is supplied by a variac. Do not touch any part of the circuit while energized. When using the function generator source, the circuits are grounded as shown. Do not ground the variac supply. To set up the function generator for high frequency output, connect the differential probe to a oscilloscope channel one and a 10x probe to channel two. Adjust the scaling factors to 20x on the differential probe and 10x on the 10x probe. On the scope channel menus, set both probes to 10x. For the differential probe, manually multiply measurements by two to reach the 20x desired output. Next, connect a BNC to alligator cable to the 50 ohm output of the function generator and connect the alligator clips to the 10x scope probe. Set the output to a 10 volt peak and 1,000 hertz sinusoidal wave form with zero DC offset. Once the signal is set accordingly, disconnect the bnc connector and scope probe, but keep the function generator on to maintain its settings. To set up the variac for low frequency output, make sure that the output receptacle is disconnected, and that it is off with it's knob set to zero. Next, slowly adjust the variac knob to five percent output to achieve 10 volt peak.First, test the half-wave rectifier with a high frequency input voltage and a resistive load. Build the circuit as shown, using a 51 ohm load resistor and a diode rated for 50 volts and two amps. Diode polarity is labeled with a dash symbol on the cathode end. Before connecting the differential probe to the circuit, connect the probe's terminals together and adjust the wave form to zero offset voltage. Then, connect the differential voltage probe across the load resistor to observe the output voltage and the 10x probe across the AC side to observe the input voltage. Next, adjust the time base on the scope to show input and output voltage for four cycles of input voltage. Disconnect the function generator and remove the differential probe from the circuit before making any modifications. Next, test the half-wave rectifier with high frequency input and a resistive inductive load. Reuse the circuit, adding an inductor in series with the resistor, as shown. As described previously, connect probes to the circuit and display wave forms of input and output voltage. Turn off the function generator, disconnect the differential probe, and remove the inductor from the circuit. Last, test the half-wave rectifier with low frequency input and a resistive load. Connect the differential probe across the variac and turn it on. Adjust the variac to obtain a 10 volt peak output, then turn the variac off without changing its voltage setting. Attach the variac output to the resistive circuit, as shown. Then, connect the differential voltage probe across the load resistor to observe the output voltage. Turn the variac on. Do not touch the circuit with the variac power connected and on. As described previously, display wave forms of input and output voltage.First, test the full-wave rectifier with a resistive load. Build the circuit as shown, and connect the probes and the variac output to the circuit. As described previously, display wave forms of input and output voltage and measure the peak to peak voltages. Retaining the probe connections, turn off the variac and connect an electrolytic capacitor in parallel with the resistive load. Then observe the input and output voltage.The first figure shows four cycles of an AC supply voltage and the output from a resistive load coupled to a half wave rectifier. Only the positive half cycle of the input AC voltage passes across the diode rectifier. If the input voltage of the half-wave rectifier circuit is sinusoidal, then the mean voltage output for a single diode with a resistive load is the input peak voltage divided by pi. When an inductor is added in series with the load resistor, the diode turn off region is delayed. This combination of inductor and resistor is a low pass filter. When the value of the inductor is sufficiently large, the oscillatory component of the output is blocked, leaving only the constant DC component. For a full-bridge rectifier, the input positive half cycles pass through the circuit and the negative half cycles are rectified to positive. Adding a sufficiently large capacitor filters out most of the voltage ripple, and provides the load with a consistent DC voltage.Diode rectifiers are in most power supplies, chargers, variable frequency drives, and in many protection circuits. First, AC power adapters are used to convert power for DC supplied machines or to recharge DC batteries contained within devices. The adaptor can be as simple as a circuit consisting of a transformer to step down the voltage from the 120 volt wall supply, a four diode bridge full wave rectifier, and a capacitor to smooth the DC output voltage. Thyristors are silicone controlled rectifiers commonly used in light dimmers, motor speed controllers, and voltage regulators. By design, the thyristor is for alternating layers of P and N type semiconductors used to create an anode at the P type end, a cathode at the N type end, and a gate leap connected to the P type layer next to the cathode. Above a latching threshold, a current pulse into the gate switches the thyristor from off to on, allowing forward current flow from anode to cathode. This rectifies current flow in one direction and regulates output power with an integrated switching mechanism.You've just watched JoVE's introduction to single-phase rectifiers. You should now understand how single-phase rectifiers work, common rectifier circuits and their output, and some common rectifier applications. Thanks for watching.

Education

JoVE Science Education

Engineering

Electrical Engineering

ac to dc conversion with rectifiers

Rectifiers convert AC power into DC power for electronic circuits. A DC power supply provides unidirectional voltage and current. Batteries can do this, but they are limited by lifetime and cost. Using a rectifier is another way to turn AC line power into DC power.

A rectifier is a device that lets current pass in one direction and blocks it in the other. It works after a forward voltage threshold is reached. Rectifiers may use a diode, a silicon controlled rectifier, or other silicon P-N junction devices. In a diode, current flows from the anode to the cathode.

Rectifier circuits use one or more diodes to change AC voltages and currents, which are bipolar, into unipolar voltages and currents. The output can then be filtered to produce DC voltage and current that are easier to use in electronic systems.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers

electrical safety precautions and basic equipment

electrical-safety-precautions-and-basic-equipment

Safe Handling of High-Voltage Lab Power

Safe handling of high-voltage lab power is essential in electric machine and power electronics experiments. These labs involve electrical currents, voltages, power, and energy that require extreme care. The systems used in this work can include three-phase AC voltage at 208 V, 230 V, or 480 V. They may also use up to 250 V DC and currents that can reach 10 A. These levels can be dangerous if handled without proper attention. Electrocution can happen when electricity passes through the body.

characterization of magnetic components

B-H Curves and Inductor Core Limits

Magnetic components such as inductors and transformers depend on the core material around their windings. In this experiment, students get hands-on experience with these parts from both a design view and a material view. The work focuses on B-H curves, which show the magnetic behavior of a material. A B-H curve describes the magnetic flux density the core can support as current flows through the windings. It also helps show the limit before magnetic saturation occurs. Magnetic saturation...

introduction to the power pole board

Power Pole Board for DC/DC Converter Labs

The HiRel Power Pole Board is a flexible tool for studying DC/DC converters. A DC/DC converter changes direct-current voltage and current from one level to another. In many cases, voltage conversion is the main goal. This board supports several converter types on one platform. It can be used to examine boost converters, which step voltage up, and buck converters, which step voltage down. It also helps students study buck-boost converters, which can step voltage up or down. The board is also...

dc/dc boost converter

Stepping Up DC Voltage with Boost Converters

DC voltage can be increased with a boost converter. This step-up circuit is useful in many applications where a DC source must be raised without first converting it to AC, using a transformer, and then rectifying the transformer output. A boost converter uses an inductor as an energy storage device. The inductor supports the output with extra energy in addition to the DC input source. That added energy raises the output voltage. This experiment studies several characteristics of a boost...

dc/dc buck converter

Buck Converter Step-Down DC Voltage

A DC/DC buck converter steps down DC voltage in an efficient, regulated way. Unlike transformers, which easily raise or lower AC voltage and current, DC systems need switching power converters to change voltage levels. The buck converter works by chopping the input DC voltage with a series input switch. An L-C low-pass filter then smooths the chopped signal and extracts the average output voltage. A diode gives the inductor current a path when the switch is off during part of the switching...

flyback converter

Flyback Converter Voltage Step-Up and Step-Down

A flyback converter is a buck-boost converter that can both step voltage up and step it down. It also provides electrical isolation between the input and the output by using a coupled inductor, or flyback transformer. The coupled inductor acts like a transformer with a turns ratio, but it also stores energy through the air gap. This setup gives the converter both voltage step-up and step-down capability. In the experiment, the converter is studied in open-loop operation with a manually set...

single phase transformers

Single Phase Transformer Testing

Single-phase transformers step up or step down AC voltage in electric power systems. They are stationary electric machines with primary and secondary coils, also called windings. The primary winding receives the applied voltage, and the secondary winding delivers the changed voltage. Inside the transformer, current in one winding creates magnetic flux in the core. This flux links the two windings and transfers energy between them. With AC current, the changing flux induces voltage in the...

Rectifiers convert AC power into DC power for electronic circuits. A DC power supply provides unidirectional voltage and current. Batteries can do this, but they are limited by lifetime and cost. Using a rectifier is another way to turn AC line power into DC power. A rectifier is a device that lets current pass in one direction and blocks it in the other. It works after a forward voltage threshold is reached. Rectifiers may use a diode, a silicon controlled rectifier, or other silicon P-N...

thyristor rectifier

Controlling SCR Half-Wave Rectification

Thyristors, also called silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), are used to control current in a rectifier circuit. Like diodes, they let current pass from the anode to the cathode and block current in the opposite direction. Unlike a diode, a thyristor can be turned on with a gate terminal that receives a small current pulse. A thyristor is a four-layer device with alternating n-type and p-type layers. These layers form a PNPN structure with three junctions. The device has three terminals. The...

single phase inverter

DC to AC Conversion with Half-Bridge Inverters

DC to AC conversion is the main idea behind a power inverter. DC power flows in one direction, while AC current changes direction at about 50-60 Hz. Many electronic devices are designed to run on AC power, so a DC source must be inverted before it can be used with them. An inverter makes this change through switching action. The switches repeatedly flip the polarity of the input DC source at the output, or load side, for part of a switching period. A typical power inverter needs a stable DC...

dc motors

DC Motors and Generator Action

DC machines use direct current and direct voltage to create motion or generate electricity. They were the first machines of this kind to be invented. A DC machine works with two magnetic fields that are controlled by DC currents, and the same machine can be set up as either a motor or a generator when the right field excitation is available. In a DC machine, the field is usually on the stator side and the armature is on the rotor side. That arrangement is the reverse of what is found in many...

ac induction motor characterization

Three-Phase Motor Equivalent Circuit Tests

Three-phase induction motor testing can be used to find equivalent circuit parameters. The experiment uses the per-phase equivalent circuit to model the motor. This model keeps the important behavior of the original system and makes calculations easier. The procedure uses tests similar to those used in transformer characterization. These measurements help estimate the motor's circuit values from its electrical response. The experiment also aims to operate the motor in the linear torque-speed...

vfd-fed ac induction machine

Variable Frequency Drive Speed Control

Variable frequency drives, or VFDs, control the speed of AC induction motors. They are a type of adjustable speed drive and are becoming standard equipment for powering most AC induction motors. In industrial and automation settings, VFDs can provide strong control of motor speed, torque, or position. This experiment focuses on speed control with open-loop operation. It uses constant voltage-to-frequency ratio control, also called V/f control. The motor usually operates at a rated stator flux,...

ac synchronous machine synchronization

Grid Connection of AC Synchronous Generators

AC synchronous generators are a major source of electrical power worldwide. They are three-phase, wound-rotor machines that are used in many power plants. These generators need a prime mover and an exciter to produce power. A prime mover is the device that spins the generator, often a turbine driven by fluid. That fluid can come from water flowing from a dam through a long nozzle or from steam made by burning coal. Most power plants use synchronous generators, including coal, nuclear, natural...

ac synchronous machine characterization

Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Starting and V-Curves

Three-phase synchronous motors and generators are important AC machines. Wound-rotor synchronous motors are less common than permanent magnet rotor synchronous motors because the rotor field uses brushes. Synchronous generators are much more common. They are used in most existing power plants because they provide excellent frequency and voltage regulation. A synchronous motor runs at the same speed as the stator magnetic field. This gives it almost 0% speed regulation, so the rotor speed stays...

electrical engineering

This collection starts with an electrical safety video that introduces the best practices for commonly used equipment in an electrical laboratory. Subsequent videos introduce elements such as inductors, transformers, convertors, rectifiers, and inverters.

Learn how rectifiers turn AC line power into DC, how diodes block reverse current, and why rectifier circuits matter in electronic systems.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers | JoVE K12

Ali Bazzi

Overview

Principles of Single-Phase Rectifiers

AC Source Setup

Half-Wave Rectifier Test

Full-Wave Rectifier Test

Representative Results

Applications

Summary

Newton's Second Law

Newton&#39;s second law is closely related to his first law of motion. It mathematically gives the cause-and-effect relationship between force and changes ...

Second Law: Motion under Same Force

Newton&#39;s laws can be applied to bodies at rest and bodies in motion. Newton&#39;s first law is applied to bodies in equilibrium, whereas the second ...

Force and Acceleration

Source: Nicholas Timmons,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, ...

second-law-motion-under-same-acceleration

Second Law: Motion under Same Acceleration

Newton&#39;s second law of motion applies to bodies moving under the same acceleration. For example, when a baggage tractor pulls luggage carts, each cart ...

Newton's Laws of Motion

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment examines at various situations involving two interacting ...

Newton's Law of Motion

When we observe objects around us, one question that comes to mind is why they move or stay still. The answer to this question can be explained using ...

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

P-PS2-1

Force and Momentum

Force and momentum are intimately related. Force acting over time can change momentum, and Newton&#39;s second law of motion can be stated in its most ...

Internal and External Forces

Newton&#39;s first law states that a net external force causes a change in motion. External forces act on an object or system, originating outside of the ...

Conservation of Momentum: Introduction

The total momentum of a system consisting of N interacting objects is constant in time or is conserved. A system must meet two requirements for its ...

Force

Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we ...

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Momentum: Problem Solving

Solving problems using the conservation of momentum requires four basic steps:

	Identify a closed system, where the total mass is constant, and no net ...

conservation-of-linear-momentum-for-a-system-of-particles

Conservation of Linear Momentum for a System of Particles

In a game of billiards, when the cue ball strikes a stationary ball, it transfers some of its momentum to the stationary ball. The cue ball slows down, ...

principle-of-linear-impulse-and-momentum-for-a-system-of-particles

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a System of Particles

Consider a system of particles moving relative to an inertial frame of reference.
The equation of motion for such a system can be written as the sum of ...

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

P-PS2-2

principle-of-linear-impulse-and-momentum-for-a-single-particle

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a Single Particle

Linear momentum is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the motion of an object. It is a vector quantity, having a magnitude equal to the ...

principle-of-angular-impulse-and-momentum-problem-solving

Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum: Problem Solving

Consider a ball of mass m, attached to a massless rod of known length, subjected to a time-dependent torque. If the initial velocity of the mass is known, ...

Linear Momentum

The term momentum is used in various ways in everyday language, most of which are consistent with the precise scientific definition. Generally, momentum ...

principle-of-angular-impulse-and-momentum

Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum

The angular impulse and momentum principle provides insights into how forces applied at a distance from an object&#39;s rotational axis influence its ...

principle-linear-impulse-momentum-for-single-particle-problem

Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a Single Particle: Problem Solving

Consider a massless pulley system consisting of a wooden box and a cylinder of known masses. Determine the speed of the attached objects at a specific ...

Angular Momentum

Angular momentum describes the rotational motion of an object.
It is defined as the moment of the object&#39;s linear momentum about a specific point O.
...

relation-between-moment-of-a-force-and-angular-momentum

Relation Between Moment of a Force and Angular Momentum

In a spinning top, applying a force at a distance from the center creates torque, which changes the angular momentum of the top, causing it to spin.
The ...

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the effect of a force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

P-PS2-3

Gravitation

In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down the ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14716.jpg

Newton's Law of Gravitation

Our everyday observation tells us that all objects close to the Earth naturally tend to fall to the ground. Early philosophers assumed that this downward ...

gravitation-between-spherically-symmetric-masses

Gravitation Between Spherically Symmetric Masses

The gravitational potential energy between two spherically symmetric bodies can be calculated from the masses and the distance between the bodies, ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14717.jpg

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton&#39;s law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, ...

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude ...

comparison-between-electrical-and-gravitational-forces

Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces

There are four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. To ...

Newton's Law of Gravitational Attraction

Sir Isaac Newton established the universality of the law of gravitational attraction based on empirical evidence and inductive reasoning. He published his ...

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

Use mathematical representations of Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

P-PS2-4

Types of Forces

In most situations, forces can be grouped into two categories: contact forces and field forces.&#160; Contact forces occur as a result of direct physical ...

Magnetic Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Magnetic fields can be ...

Electric Charge in a Magnetic Field

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment duplicates J.J. Thomson's famous experiment at the end of ...

Electric Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
An electric field is generated ...

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by ...

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Energy Stored in Capacitors

A parallel plate capacitor connected to a battery develops a potential difference across its plates.
By integrating the equation relating voltage and ...

Power and Energy

Energy is the total work required to drive the current through the circuit.
A rise in voltage results in more work done, passing more current, resulting ...

Voltage

The movement of electrons in a conductor requires some form of energy or work, usually provided by an external force, like a battery. This force is called ...

Electromotive Force

Electromotive force (emf) is the force that causes current to flow from a higher to a lower&#160; potential. The term &#34;electromotive ...

Electrical Energy

Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the ...

Electrical Current

Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large ...

Electric Potential Energy

When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge q, it is given kinetic energy. The process is analogous to an object accelerated by a ...

Electrical Power

Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

P-PS2-5

sources-and-properties-of-electric-charge

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom ...

Electric Charges

From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the ...

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces ...

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central&#160;core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the ...

Atomic Structure

All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and ...

Electric Field

Consider two point charges, each exerting Coulomb force on the other. It is possible to describe the Coulomb interaction via an intermediate step by ...

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

AC to DC Conversion with Rectifiers

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards