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Biology

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Biology

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Biology

DNA Evidence in Evolutionary Trees

Description

DNA evidence helps scientists map evolutionary relationships between living things. Early classification began with Aristotle in the 4th century BC and was later improved during the Renaissance and by Carolus Linnaeus in the mid-1700s. These systems grouped species by physical similarity, such as the presence or absence of a...

Transcript

数千年来,人类一直在对生物有机体进行分类和归类。最初,这种分类主要针对生存所必需的物体。随着人类历史的发展,这些分类的技巧和精细程度也不断提高。公元前四世纪,亚里士多德开创了正式的分类体系,将植物和动物划分为不同的类群,然后根据它们的形态特征以及所占据的栖息地等性状进一步细分。后来,在18世纪中期,林奈(Linnaeus)在亚里士多德体系的基础上加以发展。他将其最高级别的分类单元称为“界”(kingdoms),并在此基础上依据共源性状(synapomorphies)——即能够划分分支的定义性形态特征——逐级细分。例如,若一种动物具有脊椎或类似结构,则应归入脊索动物门(phylum chordata);若没有,则可将其归入其他多个无脊椎动物门类,例如节肢动物门(arthropoda),这...

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