Name: vaporization, boiling, and evaporation
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:01.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.1

Vaporization

汽化是指物质状态从液体
 
 向气体转换的一种相变
 
 例如 当热能被添加到水中时
 
 水就能达到沸点并成为蒸汽
 
 在恒定的温度下
 
 蒸发给定质量的液体所需的能量
 
 被称为汽化热
 
 此外 汽化也可以
 
 在一个叫做蒸发的过程中
 
 仅发生在液体表面
 
 在这种情况下 动能是由
 
 太阳和风给予的
 
 如果能量超过分子内作用力
 
 分子就可以脱离并变成蒸汽
 
 这也是动物们通过出汗散热的重要原理
 
 因为汗水的主要成分是水
 
 而水分子可以蒸发
 
 当水分子们离开身体时
 
 存储在其中的热能也随之而去
 
 从而降低了剩余水滴的集体温度
 
 并导致体温降低
 
 在植物的蒸腾作用中
 
 蒸发也是一个重要成分
 
 在此它需要借助内聚力和粘附力的帮助
 
 叶子表面水分的蒸发
 
 能帮助把邻近的分子向上移动
 
 从而把水从根部移动到叶子上

汽化

汽化把液体变成气态或气态物质。要做到这一点，动能必须大于保持分子间键合的分子间作用力。在给定的压力和恒定的温度下使一定数量的液体汽化所需要的能量称为汽化热。当液态水汽化时，它变成蒸汽。

<h4>方法</h4>
 
向液体加热直至达到沸点是蒸发的一种方法。沸腾是一种在液体表面下形成汽泡时发生的蒸发。沸点随大气压而变化。随着大气压的增加，达到沸点需要更多的能量。在海平面，水在100℃ (212 ℉)下沸腾，这种海平面温度称为正常沸点或大气沸点。在海拔较高的地方，水沸腾所需的能量较少。在珠穆朗玛峰上，水在大约71℃ (160 ℉) 下沸腾。在缺乏大气但又极冷的太空中，水首先会沸腾，然后结冰，这是水的高热容的结果。
 
蒸发，另一种蒸发，发生在沸点以下。在这个过程中，有足够动能超过分子间作用力的水分子以蒸汽的形式从水面逃逸。剩下的水分子动能较低。如果这种情况大规模发生，液体质量的总动能就会降低，冷却液体。出汗利用蒸发现象降低体温。当汗水从身体上蒸发掉时，剩余的汗水会变凉，有助于吸收体内的热量。
 
水的蒸发特性也被植物用来帮助水向上通过植物。当水分子从叶子上的毛孔中释放并蒸发时，它们通过分子粘附向上吸引下面的水分子。从环境上讲，水蒸发是驱动水循环和地球大部分天气和气候的引擎。地球表面约71%是水，因此了解水蒸发的机制和动力非常重要。

物质的物理形态会随着温度的变化而改变。例如，提高液体的温度会导致液体汽化……

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Biology

生物学

Fundamentals

基础知识

Chemistry of Life

生命化学

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

vaporization, boiling, and evaporation

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization.

Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the surface of the liquid. The boiling point changes with atmospheric pressure. With more pressure, more energy is needed to reach the boiling point.

At sea level, water boils at the normal, or atmospheric, boiling point of 100 °C, or 212 °F. At higher elevations, water needs less energy to boil. For example, water boils at about 71 °C, or 160 °F, on Mount Everest. Evaporation is another form of vaporization, but it happens below the boiling point.

During evaporation, water molecules with enough kinetic energy escape from the surface as vapor. The molecules left behind have lower kinetic energy. If evaporation happens on a large scale, the liquid loses overall kinetic energy and cools. Sweat uses this effect to lower body temperature. As perspiration evaporates, the cooler sweat helps absorb heat from the body. Plants also use water’s evaporative properties to move water upward through the plant. On a larger scale, evaporation drives the water cycle and helps shape Earth’s weather and climate.

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

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covalent bonds

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ionic bonds

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hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

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redox reactions

Electron Transfer in Redox

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cohesion

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adhesion

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states of water

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specific heat

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vaporization

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solvents

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Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core系列通过300多节动画视频课简明易懂地讲解生物学中的关键概念，以及150余段视频展示科学家在现代实验室开展实际研究实验，让生物学变得平易近人。

Alabama Course of Study Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.4.b

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

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Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

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