Name: human survival needs in the body
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Requirements for Human Life

人体需要多种因素才能生存，例如食物、氧气和水，以及一定范围内的物理条件，包括体温和大气压。
食物被消化成碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素和矿物质等营养物质。这些营养物质提供能量，对人体生长和发育至关重要。&#160;
氧气通过氧化反应帮助产生各种生理功能所需的能量。没有氧气，人体只能存活几分钟。
水是体内多种生化反应的组成部分，并为各种生理过程（如体液分泌）提供介质。必须定期补充水分，以弥补通过出汗或排尿所流失的水分。
驱动生化反应的酶需要约 36 至 37 °C 的体温。高于或低于此范围的温度会干扰这些反应。
作用在人体上的大气压力使体内的气体保持溶解状态。在高海拔等条件下，大气压力下降，会影响肺部的呼吸和气体交换。

人类生存的必要条件

地球及大气层为人类提供了空气、水和食物，但这些并不是人类生存的唯一要求。人类还需要地球及大气层提供特定范围的温度和一定范围的压力。

氧气

大气中只有大约20%是氧气，但氧气是保持身体活力中化学反应的关键组成部分，这其中包括产生ATP的反应。脑细胞很容易缺氧，因为它们需要持续且高水平的ATP产生。在没有氧气的情况下，脑损伤可能会在五分钟之内发生，死亡则可能会在十分钟之内发生。

营养物质

在食物和饮料中的营养物质是对人类存活至关重要的物质。营养物质有三个基本类别，分别是水、产能和构建身体的营养物质，以及微量的营养物质——维生素和矿物质。

最重要的营养物质是水。人体的功能化学物质被溶解并在水中进行传输，维持生命的化学反应也在水中发生。此外，水是细胞、血液和细胞中的液体中最重要的组成部分，约占成年人体重的70%。

产生营养物质的主要元素是碳水化合物和脂质，而蛋白质是提供身体构建的氨基酸。人类通过食用植物、动物和饮料来摄入这些物质，消化系统将它们分解为足够小的分子以促进吸收。碳水化合物和脂质的分解产物可以在代谢过程中被转化为ATP。水和产生的营养物质也被称为宏量营养物质，因为身体需要大量的这些物质。

微量营养物质是参与许多重要的化学反应和过程，如神经脉冲以及一些微量营养物质，如钙，这些物质还有助于身体的构造。身体可以在其组织中储存一些微量营养物质，如果在几天或几周内的饮食中缺失了它们，则可以使用这些储备物质。另外其他一些微量营养物质，如维生素C和大多数B族维生素，是水溶性的，这些营养物质在身体中无法进行储存；因此，它们需要定期以相同的量进行摄入。

狭窄的温度范围

身体所依赖的化学反应只能在37℃（98.6℉）左右较小的体温范围内进行。当体温远高于或远低于正常值时，促进化学反应的某些蛋白质（酶）会失去正常的结构和功能，代谢的化学反应将无法进行。

然而，身体可以有效地对短期暴露于炎热或寒冷的环境做出反应。对于炎热的反应之一就是出汗。当汗水从皮肤上蒸发时，它会从身体中带走一些热能，使身体实现降温的效果。

身体还可以有效地对短期内暴露在寒冷的环境中作出反应。对于寒冷的反应之一就是颤抖，这是一种随机的肌肉运动，可以产生热能。

狭窄的大气压范围

大气压不仅仅使血液中的气体溶解。呼吸的能力同样依赖于精确的大气压。高海拔引起的高原反应是因为高海拔的大气压较小，减少了这些气体的交换，从而导致呼吸困难、意识混乱、头痛、嗜睡和恶心。

这篇文章的内容改编自 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-4-requirements-for-human-life">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.4: Requirements for Human Life</a>

地球及其大气层为人类提供了空气、水和食物，但这些并非生存所需的全部条件。人类还需要……

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

解剖学与生理学

Unit 1

第 1 单元

Introduction to the Human Body

人体概论

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

human survival needs in the body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits.

Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen because they need steady ATP production. Brain damage is likely within five minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes.

Nutrients are substances in foods and beverages that are essential for survival. The three basic classes are water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients, which include vitamins and minerals. Water is the most critical nutrient. It dissolves and carries the body’s functional chemicals, and many life processes take place in water. Water is also the main component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells, and it makes up about 70 percent of an adult’s body mass.

Energy-yielding nutrients are mainly carbohydrates and lipids. Proteins provide amino acids, which are the body’s building blocks. Humans get these nutrients from plant and animal foods and from beverages, and the digestive system breaks them into molecules small enough to absorb. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then enter metabolic processes that produce ATP. Water and energy-yielding nutrients are called macronutrients because the body needs them in large amounts.

Micronutrients help many essential chemical reactions and processes, including nerve impulses. Some, such as calcium, also support body structure. The body can store some micronutrients in tissues and use those reserves if they are missing from the diet for a few days or weeks. Other micronutrients, including vitamin C and most B vitamins, are water-soluble and cannot be stored well, so they must be eaten regularly in balanced amounts.

Body temperature must also stay in a narrow range. The chemical reactions the body depends on can occur only from just below to just above 37 degrees Celsius, or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. If body temperature rises too high or falls too low, enzymes lose their normal shape and cannot do their jobs, so metabolism cannot continue properly. The body can still respond to short-term heat or cold. Sweating cools the body as sweat evaporates, and shivering creates heat through random muscle movement.

Atmospheric pressure is another requirement for life. It helps keep blood gases dissolved, and it also supports breathing. At high altitude, the atmosphere exerts less pressure, which reduces gas exchange. This can cause altitude sickness, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

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requirements for human life

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

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Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

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homeostatic imbalance

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directional terms

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body planes

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Body Joint Motion Terms

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abdominal regions and quadrants

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The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn how oxygen, nutrients, body temperature, and atmospheric pressure support human survival, ATP production, and normal body function in high school biology.

Human Survival Needs in the Body | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.a

BIO.2.c

LS.2

LS.2.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.1.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L1

HS.L1U1.20

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.7

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-2.

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LS.Bio.1.2

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LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

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