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JoVE Core
Physics
简谐振动
简谐振动
JoVE Core
Physics
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JoVE Core Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

15.1: 简谐振动

15,424 Views
01:21 min
May 16, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

简谐振动是系统振荡运动的名称,其中合力可以用胡克定律描述。 如果净力可以用胡克定律描述并且没有阻尼(通过摩擦力或其他非保守力),则简谐振子将以平衡位置两侧的相等位移振荡。 为了导出周期和频率的方程,使用运动方程。 简谐振子的周期由以下公式给出

Equation1

并且,由于频率与周期成反比关系,简谐振子的频率为

Equation2

请注意,周期和频率都与幅度无关,频率的 SI 单位是赫兹。

现在,考虑每一个的一个例子。 (a) 医学成像设备通过周期为 0.400 秒的振荡产生超声波。 该振荡的频率是多少? (b) 典型乐器上的中音 C 的频率为 264 Hz。 一次完整振荡需要多长时间?

这两个问题都可以使用周期和频率之间的反比关系来回答。 将给定的周期值代入频率表达式中,即可求出振荡频率。

Equation3

将给定的频率值代入时间周期表达式,即可得到一次完整振荡的时间。

Equation4

Transcript

如果移动的对象以固定的间隔重复其路径,则称为谐波或周期性运动。物体从固定点来回移动的周期性运动称为振荡。

如果物体上的恢复力与从平衡位置的位移成正比,则振荡称为简谐运动。但是,并非所有周期性振荡都是简谐运动。

考虑一把尺子,一端固定在桌面上,另一端是自由的,并附有质量。当这个系统被拉起并释放时,它会振动。

在这里,加速度指向振荡中心,并且与从平衡位置开始的位移成正比。因此,力与位移成正比,但方向相反。比例常数是弹簧常数。

一次完整的振荡称为周期,完成一个周期所需的时间称为周期。每单位时间的循环数就是频率。

在平衡时,合力为零。从平衡位置开始的最大位移是振幅。

Explore More Videos

简谐运动 振荡运动 胡克定律 简谐振子 平衡位置 周期 频率 反比关系 振幅 赫兹 超声振荡 医学成像设备 中C频率 完全振荡

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