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JoVE Core
Pharmacology
药物临床前开发:概述
药物临床前开发:概述
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Preclinical Development: Overview

1.2: 药物临床前开发:概述

5,864 Views
01:28 min
September 22, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

药物临床前开发由一系列测试组成,以确保新疗法在人体内进行测试之前的安全性和疗效。该过程分为四个主要阶段。首先进行安全药理学测试,以确保药物不会产生任何急性危害效应。这些测试探查参数,如支气管收缩、心律失常、血压变化和共济失调等。接下来进行初步毒理学测试,确定药物的最大非毒性剂量,并检测潜在的遗传、生殖和致癌效应。动物接受指定时间的药物治疗,并密切监测不良反应。进行尸检以检测是否存在组织损伤的迹象。已经通过体外方法和计算机模拟来减少动物使用,虽然它们的预测价值仍然有限。

第三阶段涉及药代动力学和药效学(PK / PD)测试,在实验动物中研究药物的吸收、代谢、分布和消除。这些研究有助于建立药物暴露与其效果之间的关系。第四阶段是化学和制药开发,重点是在大规模上合成化合物、评估其稳定性,并开发适用于临床研究的制剂。

大约有一半的已确定药物候选在临床前开发阶段失败。对于剩下的候选药物,会制备一份名为"研究者手册"的详细档案,并准备提交给欧洲药品管理局或美国食品和药品管理局等监管机构的研究方案。需要获得监管机构的许可才能进行人体研究。监管机构可能会拒绝许可或要求进一步工作后才批准。

Transcript

药物开发是候选药物在获准用于商业用途之前进行广泛测试的过程。

在临床前开发中,在动物模型上对药物进行体内测试,以检测不同的药理学特性,例如安全性、初步毒性、药代动力学和药效学。

首先,检查药物以确保它们不会产生急性危险影响,例如支气管收缩、血压变化和心律失常。

接下来,评估药物的初步毒性、监测遗传毒性、生殖毒性、最大耐受剂量、体重减轻和可能的组织损伤。

还对药物进行药理学特性测试,在动物模型中研究药物的吸收、分布、代谢和消除。

下一个关键步骤是具有可重复纯度的药物的大规模合成。在各种条件下测试药物分子的稳定性,并开发合适的配方。

这些临床前筛选的成功候选药物将通过临床试验进行人体测试。

Explore More Videos

临床前开发 治疗化合物 安全药理学 毒理学测试 最大无毒剂量 药代动力学 药效学 化学开发 药物开发 研究者手册 监管机构 欧洲药品管理局 美国 FDA

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