方法文章

术中检测微小子宫内膜异位症:一种针对腹膜完整性缺失相关盆腔疼痛检测与治疗的新范式

DOI:

10.3791/4313

2012年12月21日

本文内容

摘要

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腹膜完整性丧失为理解和治疗轻度子宫内膜异位症女性的慢性盆腔痛提供了一种新范式,可在腹腔镜手术期间通过术中染料灌注轻松检测。

摘要

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子宫内膜异位症是一种常见疾病,影响着40%至70%有慢性盆腔痛(CPP)和/或不孕的育龄期女性。本研究旨在展示在腹腔镜检查(L/S)期间使用蓝色染料(亚甲蓝)染色腹膜表面,以检测患有盆腔疼痛和疑似子宫内膜异位症患者腹膜完整性的丧失情况。本项初步研究共纳入40名有慢性盆腔痛的女性和5名无疼痛症状的女性。在腹腔镜检查过程中,将浓缩染料喷洒于腹膜表面,随后用乳酸林格液进行吸引并冲洗。对出现局部染料摄取的区域评估是否存在肉眼可见的子宫内膜异位病灶。对染色强烈的区域进行切除,部分标本固定于2.5%缓冲戊二醛中,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)进行观察。与对照组相比,患有子宫内膜异位症和慢性盆腔痛的女性更常出现蓝色染料摄取(85% vs. 40%)。对蓝色染色区域的切除组织经扫描电镜证实存在子宫内膜异位症,并显示细胞间连接丧失,而正常且无染色的腹膜则保持完整的细胞连接。大多数但并非所有患者中,受累腹膜均伴有肉眼可见的子宫内膜异位植入灶。80%的受试者报告主观疼痛缓解。根据扫描电镜结果,我们得出结论:子宫内膜细胞的延伸范围远超出肉眼可见的异位病灶,且似乎会破坏下方的间皮层。因此,微小的子宫内膜异位病灶可能通过破坏腹膜完整性,使月经血或排卵期血液及其相关致痛因子接触下方的感觉神经,从而引起盆腔疼痛。完全切除受累腹膜可能为子宫内膜异位症及慢性盆腔痛提供更佳的长期治疗方法。这一简单技术似乎可提高对伴有慢性盆腔痛、在腹腔镜下肉眼发现极少或病灶几乎不可见的女性中微小子宫内膜异位症的检出率,并有助于提升腹腔镜下子宫内膜异位症的诊断准确性。

方案

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1. 患者选择

  1. 患有慢性盆腔疼痛的女性接受病史采集和体格检查。
  2. 记录并注明疼痛的部位、与月经周期相关的时间特点,以及伴随症状,包括肠易激综合征样症状或膀胱相关症状。
  3. 接受腹腔镜检查的女性需签署知情同意书,同意可能切除子宫内膜异位病灶,并同意将其组织用于科学研究。

2. 腹腔镜技术

  1. 通过脐部5 mm穿刺孔及下腹部其他5 mm穿刺孔,采用标准技术进行腹腔镜手术。
  2. 仔细检查盆腔,将子宫内膜异位症的任何发现与患者术前指出的疼痛部位进行对照关联。
  3. 将亚甲蓝染料与无菌生理盐水按1:200比例混合,使用抽吸针头将其注射至盆腔表面。
  4. 进行吸液冲洗,以清除多余的染料并清洗腹膜表面。
  5. 检查盆腔,记录蓝染区域的染料摄取情况。
  6. 在可行的情况下,对受累的腹膜区域进行切除。

3. 扫描电子显微镜

  1. 将腹膜组织切片缝合至无菌特尔法板上,以展平标本并保持其方向(腹膜腔面朝上),随后置于戊二醛固定液(Sigma,St. Louis, MO)中,用于扫描电镜观察。
  2. 标本按正确方向放置后,用1%缓冲四氧化锇后固定1小时,并通过梯度乙醇溶液进行脱水。
  3. 使用液态二氧化碳对样品进行临界点干燥,随后用胶体银导电胶将其固定于铝制扫描电镜样品台,再以金:铂合金进行溅射镀膜,膜厚为20 nM。
  4. 采用JEOL Model JSM-6400扫描电子显微镜进行观察,并从12个随机区域获取显微照片。

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结果

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图1A中展示了一例几乎不可见的微小子宫内膜异位症。在应用蓝色染料之前,借助腹腔镜光源的反射,可观察到一片不规则的点状腹膜区域。在图1B中,同一区域经染色后显示出膀胱上方相同的不规则染色模式(图1B)。当该部分腹膜被切除后(图1C),进行扫描电镜(SEM)检查,结果显示表面存在子宫内膜样细胞,且下方间皮细胞间的细胞连接出现破坏。来自未染蓝色区域的正常腹膜则显示细胞间连接完整,且无子宫内膜异位细胞存在(图1D)。在另一位患有慢性盆腔痛(CPP)并诊断为间质性膀胱炎(IC)的女性中,应用蓝色染料前未发现明显的子宫内膜异位病灶(图1E)。染色后,膀胱显示出明显的蓝色着色(图1F)。尽管肉眼未见子宫内膜异位病灶,但在切除这些蓝色染色的腹膜区域后,其CPP和IC症状在超过6个月内显著改善。然而,左侧子宫骶韧带活检的病理报告中确实发现了子宫内膜异位症。

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讨论

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女性慢性盆腔疼痛是一种花费高昂且尚未被充分认识的问题 1痛经是影响60%女性的最常见的盆腔疼痛形式 2 72%的青少年 3子宫内膜异位症是一种炎性疾病,影响约5%的正常女性,但在患有盆腔疼痛的女性中发病率可高达70%。尽管子宫内膜异位症可导致慢性盆腔疼痛(CPP),但病灶引起疼痛的具体机制尚不明确。 4矛盾的是,疼痛的严重程度与子宫内膜异位症的严重程度并不相关 5,6慢性疼痛症状,包括伴随的肠易激综合征(IBS)和间质性膀胱炎(IC),可能在多年内未被诊断。 7,8仅在美国,子宫内膜异位症的估计费用就超过220亿美元 9,但由于子宫内膜异位症常与其他慢性疾病相关,如偏头痛、慢性疲劳综合征、肠易激综合征和间质性膀胱炎,因此准确统计较为困难 10,11确诊子宫内膜异位症需通过腹腔镜检查,但该疾病常被延迟诊断 12对何为子宫内膜异位症的界定存在分歧,加之缺乏专业培训,导致该病难以及时发现 13并非所有可疑病灶在可视化后均能经病...

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致谢

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我们谨此感谢Angela Houwing提供的出色技术帮助,以及Greta Bushnell在数据收集方面给予的协助。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
亚甲蓝American ReagentNDC0517-0310-110用生理盐水按1:200比例混合

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