方法文章

基于双吡啶配体的酰胺偶联反应合成及其与铂形成双核抗癌配合物

DOI:

10.3791/51740

2014年5月28日

本文内容

摘要

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本方案描述了异烟酸与二氨基烷烃通过酰胺偶联反应生成桥联配体的方法,该配体可用于合成多核铂配合物,此类配合物结合了抗癌药物BBR3464和picoplatin的特性。

摘要

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酰胺偶联反应可用于合成基于联吡啶的配体,作为多核铂类抗癌药物中的桥联连接剂。在惰性气氛下,使用非质子极性溶剂(如无水DMF或DMSO),以异烟酸或其衍生物与不同长度的二氨基烷烃链进行反应,辅以弱碱三乙胺和偶联试剂1-丙基磷酐。产物在形成后可直接从溶液中析出,或通过加水诱导沉淀。如需进一步纯化,可通过热水重结晶获得高纯度配体。利用所得联吡啶配体合成双核铂配合物时,采用反式铂(transplatin)并在热水中进行反应。在对联吡啶配体及最终铂配合物的化学表征中,最具信息价值的技术是1H NMR,尤其需重点分析谱图中的芳香区(7–9 ppm)。这些铂配合物具有作为抗癌药物的应用潜力,且该合成方法可经修饰用于制备三核及其他多核配合物,桥联配体中可引入不同的氢键功能基团。

引言

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铂类抗癌药物仍然是治疗人类癌症应用最广泛的药物之一1。尽管这类药物具有显著疗效,但其临床应用受到严重剂量限制性毒副作用的制约2-4。由于可给予患者的剂量有限,也导致肿瘤容易产生耐药性5。因此,研究人员持续开发新型药物以改善不良反应特征并克服获得性耐药,例如菲蒽铂(phenanthriplatin)6 和磷铂(phosphaplatin)7

20世纪90年代末,一种三核铂类药物被研发出来,即BBR3464(方案 1)8,高达1,000倍 更具细胞毒性 体外 优于一线铂类药物顺铂。BBR3464 还能够在一组人源癌细胞系中克服获得性耐药性9不幸的是,BBR3464 活性的增加伴随着50至100倍的更高毒性,这限制了其应用10-12它在体内也容易降解,意味着很少有药物能完整地到达癌细胞核9.

培可铂(picoplatin)是一种单核铂类药物,含有2-甲基吡啶配体(方案113。该药物的甲基可保护其免受生物亲核试剂的攻击,特别是含半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸的肽或蛋白质14-16。因此,该药物具有较高的稳定性,到达癌细胞核的浓度显著高于BBR3464和顺铂17。由于反应活性降低,培可铂的最大耐受剂量也高于BBR3464和顺铂10,18,19

因此,本项目旨在结合BBR3464和picoplatin的特性,开发出能够克服获得性耐药性、具有更优生物稳定性且副作用更轻微的新型药物(例如, 图1)。为此,研究人员合成了以双吡啶桥联配体连接的一系列双核铂配合物20。这些配体通过异烟酸或其衍生物(如2-甲基异烟酸)与不同链长的二氨基烷烃经酰胺偶联反应制备而成。将一摩尔当量的配体与两摩尔当量的反式铂(transplatin)反应,即可得到目标铂配合物(方案1)。

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方案

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1. Synthesis of the N,N’-(alkane-1,n-diyl)diisonicotinamide

  1. Dry a single neck or three-neck round bottom flask in an oven (100 ºC, 1 hr) to ensure all moisture is removed.
  2. Add solid isonicotinic acid, or its derivative, to the flask along with a magnetic stirring bar. If the diaminoalkane ligand(s) are solids at room temperature, then 0.5 mole (to the number moles of isonicotinic acid) is added to the flask at this stage.
  3. Cap the neck(s) of the flask with rubber septa and replace the air in the flask with nitrogen either through a continuous nitrogen stream or through the use of nitrogen filled balloons.
  4. Use a hypodermic needle and a syringe to add anhydrous dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide (4 ml per 500 mg of isonicotinic acid or 2-methyl-isonicotinic acid) to dissolve the solid. If the solids do not dissolve easily, then heat the solution gently.
  5. Add 7 mole equivalents (to the amount of isonicotinic acid used) of triethylamine (weak base) and 0.5 mole equivalents of the diaminoalkane. If the solution is a liquid at room temperature, then add 1.5 mole equivalents.
  6. Add one mole equivalent of 1-propylphosphonic anhydride (coupling agent) with continuous stirring and allow the reaction to complete over 5-12 hr.

2. Purification of the Ligands

  1. For bispyridine ligands made using diaminoalkane ligands with 10 or more methylene groups, wait for the products to precipitate from solution as the reaction progresses.
  2. For bispyridine ligands made using diaminooctane, precipitate the product by adding ~40 ml of water.
  3. For bispyridine made using diaminoalkanes of two to six methylene groups, add ~40 ml of water and allows the compounds to crystallize over 1-3 days.
  4. Collect each bispyridine ligand by vacuum filtration and recrystallize from approximately 400-500 ml of boiling water per 200 mg of ligand. Note: More water is needed for the longer bispyridine ligands due to their much reduced water solubility.
  5. Add NaOH and KOH (pH 9) to the solution to ensure that the compounds are free bases upon recrystallization.

3. Synthesis and Purification of the Dinuclear Platinum Complexes

  1. Fully dissolve trans-diamminodichloridoplatinum(II), transplatin, in hot (70-80 ºC) water (150 ml per 200 mg of transplatin) to produce a clear strongly yellow colored solution.
  2. Add a 0.5 mole equivalent of the bispyridine ligand and stir the solution at temperature until the ligand dissolves (clear solution). Wait for the solution to turn near colorless, turn off the heat, and stir at room temperature for a few additional hours.
  3. Remove the solvent by rotary evaporation, which will yield a yellow colored powder.
  4. Purify, the platinum complex(es) by dissolving in a minimum amount of warm water (~50 ºC). If remaining yellow or white colored solids are present, then filter these off.
  5. Add acetone to the solution until a white precipitate is formed which appears to be a polymeric form of the metal complexes and represents up to 10% of the reaction product. Continue the addition of acetone (~extra 20-30 ml) until no more precipitate appears. Note: this white precipitate is an impurity.
  6. Remove this precipitate by filtering the contents through nylon filter paper (0.2 µm pore size) and rotary evaporating the remaining solution to dryness, which will yield a pure product. Note: If necessary, then additional acetone precipitation steps can be performed until the complex is pure.

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结果

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通过1H、13C和195Pt核磁共振(表1表2)以及电喷雾电离质谱对双吡啶配体及其相应的双核铂配合物进行表征。可采用差示扫描量热法测定准确的熔点,而元素分析(C、H和N的百分比含量)是确定纯度的最佳方法。其中最有用的是1H核磁共振,因其操作快速简便,可在最终产物分离后数分钟内获得结果,其共振信号可明确证实酰胺偶联和铂配位的成功(表1和表2)。

异烟酸具有三个共振峰;在芳香区(7 至 9 ppm)有两个双重峰,羧酸质子在约 13 ppm 处出现一个非常宽的共振峰。二氨基烷烃的质子共振峰均位于脂肪族区域(1 至 4 ppm)之间。随着二氨基烷烃链长度的增加,许多亚甲基共振峰变得等价,因此在脂肪族区域观察到的峰数少于预期值;尽管这些峰的强度显著更高,但仍可根据其积分值大致归属(表 12)。例如,参见 图 1

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讨论

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在本研究中,合成了双核铂配合物作为潜在的抗癌药物。通过异烟酸与不同链长的二氨基烷烃发生酰胺偶联反应,制备了双吡啶桥联配体。此前已有文献报道含2至8个亚甲基的双吡啶配体及其甲基类似物及其相应铂配合物的合成。本文改进了双吡啶配体的合成与纯化方法,使其更加快速且成本更低,并通过合成含8、10和12个亚甲基的双吡啶配体验证了该方法的有效性(其中含八个亚甲基的最短配体biao用于将新纯化方法与旧方法进行比较)。此外,还利用这些配体合成了双核铂配合物。

双吡啶配体的合成在无水溶剂中进行,并在惰性氮气氛围下使用三乙胺作为弱碱,丙基膦酸酐作为偶联剂。可使用DMF或DMSO作为溶剂,但异烟酸在DMSO中的溶解性优于在DMF中的溶解性。对于任一种溶剂,均可通过在流动的热水下温和加热以促进溶解。

这种传统方法需要较长的反应时间(数天)以及多步纯化过程,包括使用乙醚进行液/液萃取和用NaHCO3中和,而这些步骤如今已被消除。配体的合成反应现在只需将所有反应物一次性加入,在室温下数小时内即可完成。双吡啶配体在加入水后从溶液中析出(...

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披露

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作者无任何利益冲突需要披露。

材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
D2OAldrich15188299.9% D
DMSO-d6Aldrich15691499.96% D
1,8-二氨基辛烷AldrichD2240198%
1,10-二氨基癸烷AldrichD1420498%
1,12-二氨基十二烷AldrichD1,640-198%
异烟酸AldrichI1750899%
1-丙基膦酸酐溶液Aldrich431303乙酸乙酯中含量为50 wt%
反式-二氨基二氯合铂(II)AldrichP1525
二甲基亚砜Sigma-AldrichZ76855>99.9%,无水
N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺Sigma-Aldrich22705699.8%,无水
三乙胺Sigma-AldrichT0886>99%
尼龙滤膜Whatman7402-004孔径,0.2 µm
磁力搅拌加热板
磁力搅拌子 
圆底烧瓶或三颈烧瓶
适用于所选圆底烧瓶或三颈烧瓶的足够尺寸的橡胶隔垫
5 ml 注射器
注射针头
橡胶气球
橡皮筋
氮气(N2)气源
旋转蒸发仪
干燥烘箱
核磁管
核磁共振波谱仪
500 ml 烧杯
玻璃或塑料移液管

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