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Research Article
Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
Erratum Notice
Important: There has been an erratum issued for this article. View Erratum Notice
Retraction Notice
The article Assisted Selection of Biomarkers by Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) in Microbiome Data (10.3791/61715) has been retracted by the journal upon the authors' request due to a conflict regarding the data and methodology. View Retraction Notice
本文的目的是描述简单的方法,将在设置和小鼠肺分析肺癌或其它病理极大地帮助。我们提出3个协议能够简单,可靠地进行肺滴注,固定,和肺容积的测量。
灌输活剂,细胞或化学物质直接进入肺而不伤害或杀死小鼠的能力是在肺癌的研究的一个重要工具。虽然有许多方法,这些方法已经发表,显示如何插管老鼠肺功能的测量,没有一个是不为小鼠大同伙快速气管滴注的潜在问题。在本文中,一个简单快捷的方法进行说明,使调查员进行这种滴注以有效的方式。该方法不需要任何特殊的工具或照明,并且可以用很少的实施而得知。它涉及麻醉小鼠,使一个小切口,在颈部以可视化的气管,然后直接插入静脉导管。小切口被快速关闭用组织粘合剂,并且将小鼠允许恢复。一个熟练的学生或技术人员可以在2分钟/小鼠的平均速率做滴注。一旦吨他癌症成立时,经常有必要在肺部的定量组织学分析。传统病理学家平时也懒得固定在规范肺胀,并分析往往是基于一个计分制度,可以说是相当主观的。虽然这有时可能是足够足够的肺肿瘤的大小,总的估计,肺结构或细胞的任何适当的体视学定量分析需要一个可重复的固定程序和后续的肺容积测量。在这里,我们描述了两个固定在压力下的肺部,然后精确测量固定肺容积简单可靠的方法。唯一的要求是一个实验室的平衡,是准确的范围内为1mg-300克。这里提出这样的程序可以大大提高创建,处理和分析肺癌小鼠的能力。
由于一些原因,肺癌还没有被广泛研究,在小鼠。其中一个原因是,获得的肺是非常困难的体内 ,并固定肺部定量分析操作并不常见。本文介绍的方法旨在改变这种状况。这里的目标是描述简单的方法,将在设置和小鼠肺分析肺癌或其它病理极大地帮助。而所有这些方法是全新的,它们没有被一起呈现如在这里所描述的简化方式的独立的方法。
已经有许多已描述的方法进行小鼠肺插管主要做重复肺功能或支气管肺泡灌洗在纵向研究单个老鼠的目的手稿。由于该原始文件,但已在该所描述的不同的方法来谅解备忘录几个其他文件Ë插管1-9。虽然所有这些方法都可以成功地被使用,它们通常需要相当大的训练,并且通常不是没有一个非平凡的故障率。另外,在为了进行肺功能测量中,套管需要适应气管得足够紧以便没有空气泄漏。然而,另一个实际使用气管插管是直接提供特定的药物(如癌细胞或其他侮辱),或治疗药物到肺。这样的程序并不需要紧密配合插管,也没有任何复杂的肺功能设备。此处示出了该方法的新颖特征包括一个小的外科手术,其允许插管而不进入食道插管的任何可能性。这个简单的方法使插管成功相对较少的培训或经验。多达30只小鼠/小时可以使用此方法具有故障率接近零对待。
一旦吨他老鼠是准备来牺牲,受伤或癌肺然后可以进行组织学和病理分析中删除。然而,为了正确地量化任何组织学变量与其它的肺相比,有必要标准化的固定程序和适当地量化固定肺容积10。本文详细介绍了简单的程序,使标准化的固定程序,以及一个方法来衡量固定的肺容积。该卷在组织学的量化的重要指标,因为如果没有这样的容积测定,只有相对密度可以测量10。一旦肺容积是已知的,然而,细胞和肺中的其他结构的测量绝对测量然后可以定量。
下面的协议说明,在20-35克鼠效果很好的系统。该方法可以很容易地适应于更大或更小的小鼠通过简单地改变导管的大小。所有动物方案都经约翰霍普金斯大学动物护理和使用委员会。
1.肺灌注
2.肺固定
注意:一旦所有的实验过程中的小鼠进行,肺可以通过固定用甲醛(或任何其它期望的固定剂)被准备好进行组织学处理。
3.测量固定肺容积
该过程描述在第一协议本身不导致任何广义的结果。这里只描述一个非常可靠的手段来灌输物质直接进入气管。 图7示出了其中锥虫蓝滴注用这里描述的方法的肺的一个例子。有染料的广泛分布,类似于已经看到的直接给出进入气管或小鼠11,12其他染料或示踪剂。我们也用这种方法来提供或者博莱霉素或弹性蛋白酶对肺,这导致广泛纤维化或肺气肿,分别。
用于量化在尸检肺部的结构变化中描述的方法提供了固定在25厘米H 2 O的压力肺卷上的数据这样的体积测量是必不可少的转化细胞或组织密度的后续公正的组织学测量到总人数10。本文仅德划刻,以获得非常精确的肺容积的装置。在10月12日9周龄健康Balb / c小鼠,我们测量的平均(±SD)为0.82±0.09毫升左肺体积为约30%的总的固定肺容积。在Balb / c小鼠给予胰弹性蛋白酶3 U(与本文中描述的方法),以产生实验肺气肿,肺固定体积增加至1.15±0.13毫升,用剩余的30%的左肺分数。

图1:静脉导管,用于灌注略微弯曲的尖端。

图2:倾斜的用于支持小鼠插管3环粘结剂该粘合剂设立持有3只小鼠。

图4:阿基米德的原理的水通过一个浸没物体位移的重量等于物体的体积。因为肺通常保留一些残余空气,一装置, 在图5中是需要保持完全淹没肺。

图5:实验室做支持保持肺部完全水下设备。塑料移液管和金属丝制成。

图6:用烧杯和配衡淹没设备准备好肺容积测量实验室天平。

图7:通过导管插管给台盼蓝肺的例子。
The procedures described here have several advantages. First the required equipment is simple and inexpensive. Second, the intubation can be quickly done with few errors. Third, the ability to fix the lungs at a constant pressure, and then measure the fixed lung volume allows proper quantification of structures or cells in the lung10.
One possible downside to the intubation is the minor surgery. This may limit the ability to repeat the procedure if a 2nd instillation is required. However, with careful surgery and application of the adhesive we have been able to routinely do a second instillation a week or two later. If continuous repeated instillations are required or if repeated pulmonary function tests are needed, another intubation approach may be more desirable13,14.
In doing the instillation, there are several practical issues that should be mentioned. It is important to be as gentle as possible with movement of the tongue in the initial opening of the mouth. If forceps are used, the tips should be covered with rubber tubing, since it is easy to injure the tongue, and this can lead to death of the mouse. Although the methods here were designed for intubation of mice older than 6 weeks, they could easily be adapted to younger mice.
Our instillation procedure was initially designed as an alternative to the method of oropharyngeal aspiration11. While this latter method can be easily learned, the actual volume delivered to the lung remains uncertain, since some of the instillate remains in the pharynx and gets swallowed. With a direct instillation into the trachea and subsequent lung inflation as we demonstrate here, the instillate is directly delivered to the lung. It is worth noting that, although it is possible to use intubation to deliver substances directly to the trachea11,12, such intubation can damage the upper airway or vocal chords, and in general requires a much higher level of training to ensure the 100% success rate that our procedure allows.
The fixation procedure we describe is similar to what many investigators use. There is often some variability in the inflation pressure used for the fixative, but we feel that 25 cm H2O is a reasonable compromise that keeps the lung fully inflated without possible damage from over-inflation. It should be noted, however, that although it may seem that a lung inflated with fluid to 25 cm H2O should be at a volume close to what the total lung capacity might be with air inflation at 35 cm H2O, this is far from truth. In fact, the inflation with fixative generally results in a volume at 70% of the air lung capacity15,16. And with subsequent processing with paraffin embedding, the effective lung volume viewed in histologic sections is likely below functional residual capacity (FRC). The most common fixative is formalin or z-fix, but for immunologic staining, a glutaraldehye mixture is often required. Investigators will need to choose a fixative depending on what is needing to be stained, but further discussion of the optimal fixative is beyond the scope of this methods paper.
In order to do proper quantitative analysis of histologic sections it is essential to have a measurement of lung volume10. Although it is possible to get lung volume from the complete sequence of serial sections (the Cavalieri method), in mouse lungs it is often simpler to simply measure the fixed lung volume as we have described in this document and video. The procedure we describe takes just seconds to do and should be routinely done with all lung fixations. Keep in mind, however, that the volume thus measured does not account for any shrinkage with subsequent processing and embedding, and if this is important, the Cavalieri method should be used. One final note regarding this fixed volume measurement is that the fraction of the lung volume in the left lung in the fixed lungs is significantly smaller than that which has been measured in vivo. CT imaging of the lungs in vivo of two strains of mice at functional residual capacity showed the left lung to be about 40% of the total17, whereas it is generally only 30% in the above measurements from lungs fixed at 25 cm H2O. At the present time, we do not understand why this should be so different, but it should be kept in mind when analyzing changes in quantitative histologic analyses. With regard to studies of lung cancer, having a measurement of lung volume enables an investigator to properly normalize data on specific chemical desnsities or the density of various cell types to absolute numbers in the whole tumor or whole lung.
In summary, the intubation procedure describe here is inexpensive to fabricate and simple to use, and it should enable most investigators and laboratory technicians to quickly learn to successfully instill liquids into mouse lungs with relatively little experience. In addition, the fixation procedures and lung volume measurement for histologic analysis of lungs provide a means for proper repeatable and quantitative analysis of lung cells and lung structure.
| 实验室天平 | Ohaus | Adventurer Pro 型号 AV 313 | 如果其他天平的范围为 1-300 g,则可以使用其他天平 |
| 20 g 鲁尔静脉导管 | Insylte | 其他几个可能的供应商,例如 , Jelco Optiva | |
| 500 ml 实验室瓶 | 各种 | 其他几个可能的供应商 |