Method Article

表征，气相炭用苯聚羧酸的定量和特定化合物同位素分析（BPCA）

DOI:

10.3791/53922

⸱

May 16th, 2016

 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 
1Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 2Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina, 3Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, 4Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 5Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University

In This Article

Summary

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我们提出了苯聚羧酸 （BPCA） 方法，用于评估环境中的热原碳 （PyC）。化合物特异性方法独特地提供了有关 PyC 的特性、数量和同位素组成（13C 和 14C）的同步信息。

Abstract

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火衍生的热解碳（PYC），有时也被称为黑碳（BC）是生物量和化石燃料的燃烧，如炭和烟灰的含碳固体残留物。热解碳是普遍存在于环境中，由于其持续时间长，其丰度甚至可能在全球野火活动预计增加和化石燃料的燃烧持续增加。热解碳也越来越多地从工业裂解有机废弃物，这将产生烧焦的土壤改良剂（炭）生产。此外，纳米技术的出现，也可能导致在热解碳状化合物的释放到环境中。因此，这是一个高优先级，以可靠地检测，表征和以调查他们的环境性能，并了解他们在碳循环中的作用量化这些烧焦的材料。

这里，我们提出的苯多羧酸（BPCA）方法，它允许热解碳的characteri的同时评估STICS，数量和在分子水平上的同位素组合物（13℃和14℃）。该方法适用于很宽的范围内的环境样品材料的，并检测热解碳在宽范围燃烧连续体， 即，它是敏感稍向烧焦生物质以及高温字符和烟灰。这里介绍的BPCA协议是简单的使用，高度重现，以及容易可扩展和可修改具体要求。因此它提供了热解碳的各学科调查，从考古学和环境取证，以生物炭和碳循环研究的多功能工具。

Introduction

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在一个完整的燃烧过程中，生物质或矿物燃料被转换成CO 2，H 2 O和无机残余物（灰）。然而，在本地或时间限制的氧气，燃烧变得不完全和热解发生，产生被称为焦炭1固体有机残留物。这些烧焦残基也被称为热解的有机物（PyOM）和主要由热解碳（PYC）或，同义，黑碳（BC）2-4。炭化过程是无所不在的，可以是自然和人为燃烧5-6的一部分。野火是一个重要的自然过程，固有的最生态系统，它产生每年4,7-10热解碳的显著量。同样，矿物燃料的工业和交通能源生产的燃烧热解碳呈现11-13的一个重要的人为来源。两个源向热解碳的环境中的普及:热解碳是存在于空气中，在气溶胶13-14的形式，在水为颗粒状或溶解的有机物质15-17，以及在冰芯​​18-19，土壤20-21，和沉积物22-24在尺寸改变从微米到纳米（ 如大烧焦的树干森林火灾或逃避柴油发动机尾气纳米尺度的烟尘颗粒后）。热解碳的环境中的普及不仅是由于大的生产速度，而且其长期持久性和抗降解25-26相对稳定。虽然确切的周转时间尚未确定，可能取决于具体的环境条件27-28，它似乎很清楚，热解碳是不太容易分解成二氧化碳比大多数其他形式的有机碳29-30。这种看法对全球碳循环的一个重要含义:如烧焦的​​材料热解碳卖场在相当长的时间，他们在有机形式，否则将被迅速隔离řçespired为二氧化碳 ，从而减少随着时间的推移31-32大气温室气体浓度。

除了气候缓和方面，字符有进一步的与环境相关的属性。其孔隙率高，比表面积大，表面负电荷可以固定有害化合物33和提高土壤肥力34-35。字符作为一个潜在的有利土壤改良剂识别导致所谓的生物炭技术36的新兴领域。生物炭很可能会在大尺度上在未来几年产生的，因而显著增加丰富的热解碳在土壤中37。此外，森林火灾的发生和化石燃料的燃烧，也预计将保持高在21 世纪的过程中，不断地贡献大量的热解碳对环境11,38-39。热解碳的另一越来越重要的来源可能是纳米技术也使用小号热解碳类化合物40-41。它是如此重要，以检测，表征和为了研究它们的性质和了解其在环境中的角色精确地量化这些致热材料。

在这里，我们目前使用的国家的最先进的特定化合物的方法来分析热解碳各种样品中:最新一代的苯聚羧酸（BPCA）方法42。这种方法是热解碳研究中广泛适用的，因为它直接靶向热解碳的"骨架":其在热处理43-45中形成和该环稠合的结构，因此固有的所有各种形式的热解碳5,46。然而，这些结构不是通过色谱手段直接评，由于它们的大小和异质性。以色谱分析这种热解的化合物，热解碳是首先用硝酸消化高的温度和压力下，打破了大的多环结构分解成它的组成部分，各个BPCAs（ 比照 图1）。该BPCAs随后，经过几次纯化步骤，适合进行色谱分析20,42。由此热解碳分离并在分子水平上分析，可以用来量化热解碳丰度在环境室20,42。当B3-，B4-，B5-和B6CA的相对产量进行比较（ 参见 图 1）的BPCA方法另外表征所研究的热解碳:不同羧BPCAs的各自比例被链接到原始的多环结构的大小，是因此，热解碳指示的质量和热解温度44,47-48的。此外，所提出的方法允许对C同位素组成热解碳（13 C和14 C）的判定，因为个人BPCAs，直接从纯热解碳结构推导，可以是同位素ANA之后隔离裂解（ 参见 图1，步骤5和6）49。热解碳的特定化合物的同位素分析是极大的兴趣50的，因为它可以使用， 例如，在热带地区51-52个字符的前体的生物量来区分，以导出烧焦材料53-54的年龄或跟踪热解碳在用同位素标记26,55-56碳循环的研究。关于热解碳还有BPCA方法的历史，发展，特别是应用程序的更多信息可Wiedemeier可以发现，2014年57，从那里上述段落和讨论的一部分的一部分进行编译。

Protocol

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1.一般预防措施和准备工作

  1. 使用干净的，脱钙（10％盐酸浴），燃烧玻璃器皿（500℃，5小时），彻底清洁工具和超纯，高压液相色谱（HPLC）级的水和溶剂在整个过程。
  2. 冷冻干燥，并用无碳球磨机58均匀样品，并确定它们的总的有机碳（TOC）的通过元素分析59-60的内容。
    注:化学品及实验室设备的纯度要求是BPCAs的特定化合物-14 C-分析特别高。包括空白评估49和刷卡测试61，监测样品污染的潜在来源。

2. HNO 3消解

  1. 称取冻干并均质化样品（ 比照 1.2）到石英消化管并覆盖针对与铝箔灰尘。
    1. 对于热解碳quantificati并定性的目的，使用含有> 1毫克TOC 42个样品。因此，在土壤和沉积物，使用约 200的情况下- 400毫克，并富含有机质的样品，如纯木炭，用约 10时- 20％的消化毫克管。
    2. 对于热解碳随后的特定化合物同位素分析（13℃和14℃），确保样品中含有足够的BPCA-C，以满足将第6步之后，如果要使用的特定同位素比质谱的检出限没有关于样本的可用（ 例如，从以前的测量）热解碳量的先验信息，第一量化其热解碳含量（步骤1 - 5），后来准备更多的样品，如果BPCA-C收益率太低同位素分析。
      注:包括与已知的热解碳和13 C和14 C的含量（ 如空白和参考样本，从"黑碳参考资料"， 比照结果本身ction）。这将允许以检查热解碳量化的重复性和分析后使特定化合物同位素测量空白校正计算。
  2. 加入2毫升65％HNO 3到消化管中，使用涡旋混合器，以协助将样品完全润湿，然后插入消化管到压力室中。根据手册62关闭压力室并把它们放在一个预加热的炉中在170℃8小时。
    注意:消化后，让室内降温的烤箱内，只打开它们通风柜下他们达到室温后，由于有害气体可能逃过。
  3. 过滤，用水将样品成用一次性玻璃纤维过滤器（<0.7微米），例如，在玻璃注射器容量瓶，并调整体积至25ml。需要稀释停止进一步消化。
    注意:含有BPCAs 25毫溶液可以储存在长达2个月前，冰箱进一步处理。消化可以在原则上也可以用其它的仪器与加压微波系统16执行，例如。在这种情况下，测试应参考材料来运行以检查BPCA回收率和方法的再现性（ 参见代表性结果部分）。

3.去除阳离子

  1. 对于每个样品，以11 3g的柱的阳离子交换树脂的准备两个玻璃柱（400毫米的高度，15毫米直径）。水2柱体积，1柱体积的2 M氢氧化钠，水2倍柱体积中和pH值，2 M盐酸1柱体积，并且水最终2倍柱体积:通过用连续漂洗调理列内的树脂。
  2. 检查水，这是通过其调节后的树脂洗涤的导电性。树脂被认为是正确的空调时的电导率低于2μS厘米 -1。
  3. 把样品的一半（ 即12.5毫升， 比照步骤2.3）每一列上，冲洗，用10ml水依次5倍，并冷冻后干燥该水溶液。样品是在冷冻干燥后稳定，如果它是在阴凉处保持干燥可以存储最多一个星期进一步处理之前。
    注意:使用液氮冷冻样品（'卡扣冻结"），因为它避免了冻结出的HNO 3中 ，这可能会导致的强的非冷冻酸溶液水坑的。确保冷冻干燥机是耐酸由真空泵油烟度好并测试潜在的污染，如果BPCAs的特定化合物-14 C-分析的目的。

4，拆卸非极性化合物

  1. 根据制造商的说明手册调理C18固相萃取柱， 即 ，连续地用2.5毫升甲醇，2.5毫升的水一漂洗它们ND最终与2.5甲醇/水的混合物（1:1体积/体积）。
  2. 重新溶解的冷冻干燥残留物的3ml甲醇/水（1:1体积/体积）。洗脱它各占一半（1.5毫升），在一个单独的C18固相萃取柱到2.5毫升试管。与另一个1毫升甲醇/水的冲洗盒（1:1体积/体积）。
  3. 干燥使用真空浓缩与样品溶液的试管，例如，加热至45℃，并用约 50毫巴的真空。蒸发的其他方法也可以使用，例如，用N 2气吹式系统，在第6步。
  4. 再溶解在试管中的残余物用1毫升水。支持解散与旋涡混合器并转移到1.5毫升自动进样瓶。
    注:样品可以在此阶段42被存储在冰箱中长达3个月。

5.色谱

  1. 由980毫升水混合20毫升85％的正磷酸制备溶剂A和过滤标使用真空通过一次性玻璃纤维过滤olution。不要溶剂A暴露在阳光下，为了避免藻类生长24小时之内使用它。使用纯HPLC级乙腈作为溶剂B.
  2. 准备市售BPCAs（连苯三，偏苯三，均苯，pentacarboxylic和苯六甲酸）的标准溶液，以产生一个外部标准浓度系列（ 例如 ，含有5，20，60，100，150和各BPCA 250微克6小瓶一起混合在1毫升水，分别）。
  3. 进行表1和表2中的设置的色谱法和由相应BPCA峰面积进行比较，以外部标准系列63的测量量化BPCA内容。
  4. 表达样本[克/公斤]或BPCA-C / TOC [％]的BPCA-C /干重热解碳量的调查结果。此外，热解碳的样品中的质量特性可以用individ的比例进行说明UAL BPCAs，例如 B6CA的比例（B6CA / BPCA [％]）表示热解碳44的芳族缩合度。

纯化BPCAs为随后13 C 6.湿式氧化和14 C-分析

  1. 以下步骤5.3，收集足够数量的个体BPCAs（ 例如，> 30微克BPCA-C的当前加速器质谱仪49,64）使用连接到HPLC 49，然后一个馏分收集器通过用吹下来的级分除去溶剂一个温柔的N 2流，同时它们加热到70℃。只有极少量的液体的磷酸，包括BPCAs，将留在瓶中。
  2. 通过将2克的 Na 2 S 2 O 8在50ml水中，用24小时内新鲜制备制备氧化剂。
    注意:重​​结晶的过硫酸钠两次通过完全溶解几克，以提高其纯度在热水中，然后收集水后的固体冷却65-66。
  3. 重新溶解吹倒残余物（步骤6.1）用4ml水和转让样品12毫升气密硼硅酸盐瓶。加入1 ml的氧化剂和关闭含丁基橡胶隔膜的标准上限。
  4. 吹扫气密小瓶包括与他的水溶液8分钟从小瓶并将该溶液66除去CO 2。
  5. 通过在100℃加热60分钟氧化在气密小瓶样品。
  6. 直接分析从同位素比质谱氧化的CO 2的13 C含量65-66和加速质谱仪14 C含量67-68。
    注意:氧化样品可以前13 C和/或14 C-分析被存储为至少一个66周 。

Results

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我们建议以测试通过测量套件已广泛在文献44,48,69-77用于各种方法的发展和比较良好描述热解碳材料（"黑碳参考材料"），该方法的建立。在参考资料信息可从苏黎世大学(http://www.geo.uzh.ch/en/units/physische-geographie-boden-biogeographie/services/black-carbon-reference-materials).

所描述的过程允许通过HPLC所有BPCA目标化合物的基线​​分离。参考材料的黑钙土'（具有显著热解碳含量粉土）和草炭（来自稻制）的色谱图显示在图2，通过调节在表1和2的色谱参数（ 例如，色谱法温度，溶剂A的pH值或流速等 ），分离可进一步修饰为特定需要42,63。

参考材料的外部标准（步骤5.3）。色谱定量分析应该产生在图3中所示的热解碳的值。请注意，该过程是轻微的变化（ 例如，步骤3或4在特定情况下的省略），可以导致更高的热解碳值。通常，回收率应与纯BPCA标准进行检查:掺入参考材料可有助于检测在步骤3和4不成比例损失和得到约在步骤5 42,63的色谱性能信息。

表3示出纯化的参考材料BPCAs时所获得的分析它们的碳同位素含量步骤6之后对于13 C和14 C值可靠的结果，当务之急是要收集足够数量BPCA-C（如 > 30微克BPCA-C当前加速器质谱仪， 参见 图4），并采取一切可能的措施，以尽量减少外来Ç49样品的污染。

除了 ​​检查如上述所描述的方法建立的参考材料，这是非常可取准备和在重复测量样品，都为热解碳量化（步骤5）和随后的特定化合物-13 C和BPCAs（步骤6的14 C-分析）。

figure-results-1
图1: 本BPCA分析过程在协议步骤2中 ，热解碳的多环芳族稠结构被消化，产生不同BPCAs，这是个烯进一步清洁（ 步骤 3和4）和色谱分析，分离（ 步骤5）。湿式氧化（ 第6步 ）后，纯化BPCAs适合进行同位素比质谱特定化合物同位素分析（13℃和14℃）。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

figure-results-2
图 2: 用于色谱分离BPCA显示的是黑碳参考资料"黑钙土"（A）和"草CHAR"（B）。 B5CA; 1,2,4,5- 1,2,3,5-，1,2,3,4- B4CA;基线分离所有BPCA目标化合物（B6CA实现1,2,4-， 1,2,3-B3CA）42。在形成对黑碳的参考材料可从苏黎世大学(http://www.geo.uzh.ch/en/units/physische-geographie-boden-biogeographie/services/black-carbon-reference-materials).这个数字是从Wiedemeier 等修改2013 42，并从爱思唯尔的翻印许可。 请点击此处查看本图的放大版本。

figure-results-3
图3: 不同 的 黑碳参考材料的复制热解碳测量实验室重复错误条比符号尺寸较小，变异系数平均为5％（最低1％，最高10％），这个数字是从Wiedemeier 等修改人 2013 42和转载爱思唯尔的权限。"https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53922/53922fig3large.jpg"目标="_空白">点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

figure-results-4
图4: 放射性碳（14 C）值B5CA和B6CA从现代和煤焦化石中分离出的给定的错误是由更正为仪器加速器质谱仪背景和空白湿式氧化的。固体灰线代表用于各个样品和所确定的平均外部污染的实际F 14 C值的混合物形式的理想化的线路。这个数字是从Gierga 等修改2014 49和转载爱思唯尔的权限。 请点击此处查看次的放大版本是图。

流动相A 20毫升邻位在980毫升超纯水中的磷酸（85％）
流动相B 乙腈
柱 C18反相（详情参见物料清单）
柱温 15℃
流量 0.4毫升分钟-1
识别保留时间，在216nm处的UV吸收
量化 BPCAs的外部标准
压力 约 120条

表1: 色谱设置。

时间流动相B
[分钟] [体积％]
0 0.5
五 0.5
25.9 三十
26 95
28 95
28.1 0.5
三十 0.5

表2: 混合流动相的梯度。

散焦 BPCA
δ13 ​​C [‰VPDB对比]
栗炭 -27.4 一个 一 -27.7 ±0.8
玉米CHAR -12.9 ±0.4 -13.0 ±0.4
F 14 C [％]
现代炭 1.142 b ±0.004 b 1.13 ±0.013
化石CHAR 0.003 b ±0.001 b 0.014 ±0.001

表 3:分别在第5步Howev同时收集到的碳同位素值（δ13 C和F 14 C）参考木炭材料和复合专用相应BPCAs同位素分析的BPCA值代表B6CA和B5CA呃，个别BPCAs的同位素分析，可以类似地，当BPCAs单独收集实现。散装char数据是从Yarnes 等人 （2011）73为栗炭（a）和从Gierga 等人 （2014）49用于化石和现代炭（b）中 。对于δ13 C测量误差是从一式三份的标准误差而歼14 C-测量错误（批量字符:ETH-50456，ETH-50458; BPCA:ETH-62324，ETH-62335）由误 ​​差传播64而得。

Discussion

$$\rightleftharpoonup{xx}$$ $$\longleftharp{xx}$$, $$\longrightharp{xx}$$,

相比其他可用的热解碳的方法78-79，当BPCA方法有几个重要的优点:ⅰ）检测热解碳在宽范围燃烧连续体， 即 ，它是敏感稍向烧焦生物质以及高温字符和烟尘42 ，70％，ii）其能够同时表征16,44,80-81，量化20,42和同位素分析热解碳49-50,66,73,82-83，ⅲ）它适用于很宽的范围内的环境样品的材料42,70，和iv）其方法已强烈审查，并且可以放置成与其他热解碳的方法44,47,70,84-85评估一个一致的框架。对于所有这些原因，BPCA的做法可以说是目前可用的，其基本假设是很好的约束，并不断对其他方法测试的最通用的方法热解碳。

上述协议巩固了STREN先前BPCA方法成一个单一的过程gths，是高度可再现的，简单采用，并且可以很容易地扩展和修改，以特定的要求。例如，当层析用pH梯度，而不是有机溶剂中进行，在线BPCAs的同位素比率监测是可能42，消除了对湿式氧化步骤的需要。同样地，去除阳离子和/或非极性化合物（步骤3和4）时，已知特定的样品不含有任何这样的化合物可以被跳过（ 例如 ，在实验室生产的字符的某些情况下）。

像每一个热解碳的方法，该方法BPCA具有一定的局限性，太。在这方面，需要注意的是BPCA做法本质上低估了总热解碳量的样品中是很重要的:该方法破坏了热解碳环结构的较大部分，以提取其BPCA积木，因此不能定量地恢复所有热解碳的形式BPCAs的20,86。转换系数在过去已经提出来翻译BPCA产量为总热解碳含量。然而，找到一个正确的转换因子是因为在大多数字符41,48,80,86异构度芳香缩合的实际上是不可能的。在许多情况下，样品的热解碳量是相对于彼此42,81,87-88比较。然后，我们建议不要使用任何转换系数和"作为衡量"48只是简单地报告BPCA数据。在特殊情况下，采取BPCA收益率来估算绝对量热解碳24,89-90，最初公布的换算系数2.27 20似乎是恰当的，因为它转换BPCA产生成热解碳86含量保守估计。

与热解碳的方法的另一个困难是，它们是与干扰，非热解碳材料和/或热解碳在分析本身期间产生，导致的过高估计潜在的敏感实际的热解碳含量在样品70。该BPCA方法是针对这样的干扰物质70很坚固，自身并不16,70,86产生任何热解碳和在性质上是保守的（上文第比照 ）。即使石墨，化学性质非常类似物质热解碳，但成岩出身，不BPCA干扰测量（施耐德，MPW 未公布结果。苏黎世，（2013））。到目前为止，唯一已知的非热解碳干扰的方法BPCA都是一些凝结，真菌91芳香颜料，这应该是绝大多数研究86定量忽略不计。该方法BPCA与其同时定性，定量和13℃和14 C-同位素信息，从而为热解碳的各学科调查的优秀工具。

Disclosures

$$\rightleftharpoonup{xx}$$ $$\longleftharp{xx}$$, $$\longrightharp{xx}$$,

作者没有什么可透露的。

Acknowledgements

$$\rightleftharpoonup{xx}$$ $$\longleftharp{xx}$$, $$\longrightharp{xx}$$,

作者感谢以下资金来源的支持：苏黎世大学研究优先计划"全球变化和生物多样性"、瑞士国家科学基金会项目 134452、131922、143891、119950 和 134847，以及深碳观测站 - 深部能源奖 60040915。

Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
磨机RetschN/A球磨机，带无碳研磨罐和磨球（Retsch MM 200 带玛瑙研磨罐和磨球） 
纳博热N/A燃烧炉/马弗炉，温度为 500 °C（纳博热L40/11或类似产品）
带PTFE压力室的压力炸弹，
石英消化管带石英盖		Seif Aufschlusstechnik， Unterschleissheim，Germany N/AHelma U. Rudolf Seif Aufschlusstechnik
Fastlingerring 67
85716 Unterschleissheim
Germany
电话：（+49） 89 3108181
旋混合器普通实验室供应N/A
烤箱 Thermo Scientific恒温50051010干燥箱（Thermo Scientific Heraeus 或类似产品）
真空歧管系统
带 PTFE 连接器		Machery NagelChromabond
730151
730106		ftp://ftp.mn-net.com/english/Instruction_leaflets/Chromatography/SPE/CHROMABOND_VK_DE_EN.pdf
可重复使用的玻璃注射器，带一次性玻璃纤维过滤器Machery Nagel 730172
730192		http://www.mn-net.com/SPEStart/SPEaccessories/EmptySPEcolumns/tabid/4285/language/en-US/Default.aspx
25 ml 容量法玻璃瓶普通实验室用品N/A与所有其他玻璃器皿相比，请勿燃烧以确保体积精度。相反，请在酸浴、超声波和超纯水中清洁。
带筛板和 PTFE 旋塞阀和玻璃棉的色谱玻璃柱定制N/A玻璃柱尺寸：
ca. 40 cm 长，ca. 1.5 cm 直径
离子交换填料Sigma Aldrich217514Dowex 50 WX8 400
电导率仪WTW300243LF 320 套装
100 ml 锥形瓶，用于冷冻干燥机通用实验室用品 不适用
液氮通用实验室设备不适用用于去除阳离子后快速冷冻aequous溶液
冷冻干燥机ChristN/AAlpha 2 - 4 LD加
C18固相萃取柱Supelco52603-Uhttp://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/supelco/52603u?lang=de®ion=CH
2.5 ml玻璃试管安捷伦科技5022-6534http://www.chem.agilent.com/store/en_US/Prod-5022-6534/5022-6534?navAction=push&navCount=0
浓缩器 Eppendorf5305000.100
1.5 ml HPLC 自动进样器样品瓶具体取决于 HPLCN/A
6 ml 馏分收集瓶具体取决于 HPLCN/A
高纯度 N2 气体常用实验室设备N/A
12 ml 硼硅酸盐气密样品瓶Labco538Whttp://www.labco.co.uk/europe/gas.htm#doublewad12ml
针B Braun4665643http://www.bbraun.ch/cps/rde/xchg/cw-bbraun-de-ch/hs.xsl/products.html?prid=PRID00000510
高纯度 He 气体普通实验室设备N/A
HNO3 （65%） p.a.Sigma Aldrich84378http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/84378?lang=de®ion=CH
2 M HClSigma Aldrich258148与超纯水混合，得到 2 M
NaOHAldrich71691与超纯水混合，得到 2 M 溶液
醇Sigma Aldrich34860http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/34860?lang=de®ion=CH
水Milli-QZ00QSV0WW1 型等级，针对低碳
正磷酸Sigma Aldrich79606http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/79606?lang=de®ion=CH
乙腈Sigma Aldrich34851进行了优化http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/34851?lang=de®ion=CH
C18 反相色谱柱安捷伦科技公司685975-902安捷伦 Poroshell 120 SB-C18 （4.6 x 100 mm）
Na2S2O8， 过硫酸钠Sigma Aldrich71890http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/71890?lang=de®ion=CH
<强>BPCA标准品
偏苯三酸Sigma Aldrich92119http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/92119?lang=de®ion=CH
半美利酸Sigma Aldrich51520http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/51520?lang=de®ion=CH
吡咯酸Sigma Aldrich83181http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search？
术语=83181&interface=全部&
N=0&模式=匹配%20部分最大&
lang=de&地区=CH&重点=产品
苯五羧酸Sigma AldrichS437107http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/s437107?lang=de®ion=CH
梅利酸Sigma AldrichM2705
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/m2705?lang=de®ion=CH<强>氧化标准品
邻苯二甲Sigma-Aldrich80010http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/80010?lang=de®ion=CH
蔗糖Sigma-AldrichS7903http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/s7903?lang=de®ion=CH
黑碳标准物质苏黎世大学N/Ahttp://www.geo.uzh.ch/en/units/physische-geographie-boden-biogeographie/services/black-carbon-reference-materials
球涡阳，， Sigma 甲酸

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Pyrogenic CarbonBenzene Polycarboxylic AcidsBPCA MethodCarbon Isotopic AnalysisSample PreparationSolid Phase ExtractionHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyIsotope Ratio Mass SpectrometryAccelerated Mass SpectrometryEnvironmental Sample Analysis

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