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方法文章

一种利用组织工程胶原移植物修复大段肌腱缺损的新型肌腱缝合技术

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DOI:

10.3791/57696

2021年12月10日

本文内容

摘要

本文介绍了一种通过填充工程化胶原移植物来修复长达1.5 cm肌腱缺损的体外(in vitro)和原位(in situ)实验方案。该方法采用改良的缝合技术,在移植物成熟并整合入宿主组织之前承担机械负荷。

摘要

使用肌腱移植物对外科治疗大型肌腱缺损具有挑战性,因为可供识别和使用的供体部位数量有限。目前,此类缺损常采用自体、同种异体、异种或人工肌腱移植物进行修复,但由于尺寸差异,临床上用于固定这些移植物的方法未必适用于动物模型。为了评估新型生物材料或研究由Ⅰ型胶原构成的组织工程肌腱,我们开发了一种改良的缝合技术,以帮助维持工程化肌腱与宿主肌腱断端的对齐。然而,这些移植物的力学性能仍低于天然肌腱。为了将工程化肌腱整合到具有临床相关性的负荷修复模型中,我们采用了一种卸载组织工程肌腱移植物的策略,以促进其成熟与整合 体内 直至形成力学性能良好的新生肌腱。我们描述了使用I型胶原组织工程肌腱构建物整合的技术。

引言

肌腱断裂可能由外在因素引起,例如创伤性撕裂或肌腱承受过度负荷。由于肌腱修复部位会受到外部张力作用,大多数肌腱修复技术均不可避免地形成间隙。目前,肌腱缺损或间隙通常采用自体、同种异体、异种或人工移植物进行填充,但这些移植物的来源有限,且供体部位可能带来并发症。

利用胶原等天然聚合物通过组织工程技术构建肌腱移植物具有显著优势,即具备良好的生物相容性,并可提供促进细胞整合的关键细胞外基质(ECM)成分。然而,由于缺乏纤维的定向排列,所构建的工程化肌腱(ET)在机械性能上仍逊于天然肌腱。为提升力学性能较差的胶原材料,已采用多种方法,包括真空条件下的物理交联、紫外辐射以及脱水热处理等。1此外,通过核黄素的化学交联,酶法和非酶法均提高了胶原蛋白的密度及其杨氏模量 体外2,3然而,加入交联剂会降低胶原蛋白的生物相容性,研究显示其力学性能发生33%的改变,细胞活力下降40%3,4,5通过循环加载可获得逐渐累积的对准性和机械强度6;然而,这可以通过高效的方式获得 in 体内7.

为了实现ET的整合 体内 并且在无需化学改性的前提下获得强度,一种可行的方法是采用加固缝合技术来固定较薄弱的结构。大多数肌腱修复依赖缝合设计将肌腱断端固定在一起;因此,对现有缝合技术进行改良可能提供一种合理的解决方案8,9.

直到20世纪80年代,双股修复术被广泛使用,但近年来的外科文献已描述了四股、六股甚至八股修复术的应用10,111985年,Savage 描述了一种具有6个锚定点的6股缝合技术,其强度显著高于使用4股的 Bunnell 缝合技术。 12此外,8股修复的强度比尸体中的其他股高出43% 原位 模型,但这些修复方法并未被广泛采用,因为准确地重现这些修复在技术上较为困难13,14,15,16因此,核心缝合股数越多,修复肌腱的生物力学性能就越高。然而,缝合点周围会出现细胞活力下降,过度缝合造成的创伤可能对肌腱产生不利影响,从而损害肌腱愈合。17缝合技术应提供一种牢固、均衡且相对缺乏弹性的几何学修复,以最大限度减少修复后肌腱的间隙。此外,缝线及其结的位置必须经过合理设计,避免影响肌腱滑动、血供及愈合过程,直至肌腱获得足够的力学强度。10,18.

为验证将较弱的脱细胞肌腱移植物或其他移植物材料固定于断裂肌腱之间的可行性,我们开发了一种新型缝合技术,该技术可减轻移植物的负荷,使其得以成熟并逐渐整合入宿主组织 在体内

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方案

注意:实验设计和伦理审批由伦敦大学学院(UCL)机构审查委员会(IRB)批准。所有实验均按照英国内政部规定以及《1986年动物(科学程序)法案》的要求进行,并遵循欧洲指令2010/63/EU(2013年修订版)的立法规定。实验兔由指定兽医外科医生(NVS)定期检查,并由指定动物护理与福利官员(NACWO)每日检查两次(依据内政部的指南和规定)。在实施安乐死前,动物未表现出任何疼痛迹象。

1. 组织工程肌腱(ET)移植物的制备

  1. 制备胶原蛋白水凝胶时,加入4 mL大鼠尾部I型胶原单体溶液(2.15 mg/mL,溶于含0.6%乙酸并含有0.2% w/v总蛋白的溶液中)和500 µL 10倍浓度的最低必需培养基。用5 M和1 M氢氧化钠滴定中和,并加入500 µL杜尔贝科改良伊格尔培养基(DMEM)。
  2. 将5 mL该溶液倒入定制的矩形金属模具(33 mm × 22 mm × 10 mm,120 g重量)中(图1)。将模具置于37 °C、5% CO2的CO2培养箱中孵育15分钟,以促进基质组装19

2. 移植物的制备

  1. 聚合完成后,将胶原蛋白水凝胶从模具中取出,并置于标准塑料压缩装置中(图2A19
  2. 将胶原蛋白水凝胶置于两片50 µm尼龙网膜之间,施加120 g的静态载荷(总表面积为7.4 cm2,相当于1.6 kPa的压力)持续5分钟,以去除水凝胶中的间质液体(图2A)。使用四层滤纸吸收水凝胶排出的液体。
  3. 将四层压缩后的凝胶卷叠在一起(图2B),切割成15 mm长的节段(图2C),用于制备ET。
    注意:实验中使用16至25周龄的新西兰白兔雄性动物。
  4. 通过肌肉注射(i.m.)给予芬太尼(Hypnorm,0.3 mg/mL)使动物镇静,随后注射过量戊巴比妥钠实施安乐死。
  5. 安乐死后立即修剪双侧后肢的毛发,然后使用20号外科刀片在胫腓下关节区域做9 cm长的环形切口,暴露胫后肌(TP)肌腱。
  6. 使用相同规格的外科刀片切除兔的TP肌腱,平均长度为70 mm,并在实验过程中保持其在磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中湿润,以防干燥。

3. 新型肌腱缝合技术的开发

注意:缝合线(参见材料表)为不可吸收性,由聚丙烯的等规结晶立体异构体构成,聚丙烯是一种合成线性聚烯烃。中心锁扣缝合主要使用3-0规格,周边缝合则使用6-0规格。这两种是所有实验中主要使用的缝合线。

  1. 使用手术刀在趾长屈肌腱(TP肌腱)中点处切断。从肌腱中部切除一段15 mm的肌腱组织,并用ET胶原移植物替代(图2D)。将3-0缝线在靠近近端原生肌腱断端处打结固定(图3A)。
  2. 将3-0核心缝线贯穿移植物全长,并在远离切断端的远端进行打结固定。
  3. 使用6-0缝线在肌腱周围边缘连续缝合,将ET移植物的两端与原生肌腱断端对接并固定(图3B)。此操作可使移植物在缝线上易于移动,通过牵拉原生肌腱施加张力即可调整位置20
  4. 完成上述缝合固定后,手动检查缝线张力是否适当,并确保整条缝线无任何松弛现象。

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结果

我们采用由I型胶原蛋白制备的胶原移植物,因为这是肌腱中主要存在的蛋白质。它占肌腱中总胶原蛋白的近95%,因此胶原蛋白表现出模拟肌腱所需的所有理想特性 体内21,22.

本研究中使用的Ⅰ型胶原从大鼠尾腱提取,并溶于乙酸(2.15 mg/mL)。为使该胶原聚合,采用氢氧化钠进行中和。 体外 形成非交联的各向异性胶原原纤维。该水凝胶含98%的液体,可模拟活体组织 体内 在制备过程中20分钟内23然而,这种水凝胶的机械性能较弱;因此,为了提高其机械性能,我们开发了一种通过称为“塑性压缩”的技术快速压缩胶原蛋白水凝胶的方法,其中压缩程度与施加在顶部的重量以及从流体释放表面(FLS)排出的液体量成正比。19

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讨论

在本研究中,选择组织工程I型胶原移植物作为肌腱移植物,因为胶原是一种天然聚合物,已被广泛用作多种组织工程应用的生物材料27,28. 此外,胶原蛋白占肌腱干重的60%,其中95%为Ⅰ型胶原蛋白 21,29,30,31,32为了实现成功的移植,移植物的力学性能应尽可能与天然肌腱相匹配33然而,采用当前的工程技术,工程化肌腱(ET)的力学性能(4.41 N)显著低于天然肌腱(NT)(261.08 N)33据推测,这归因于天然肌腱中胶原原纤维高度有序的层级排列结构,而这种结构的仿生构建及其力...

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披露

作者声明不存在利益冲突。

致谢

作者感谢伦敦大学学院(UCL)为本项目提供资金支持。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
大鼠尾部 I 型胶原蛋白 First Link, 伯明翰, 英国60-30-810
6-0 普理灵缝合线Ethicon Ltd, 爱丁堡, 英国EP8726H
3-0 普理灵缝合线Ethicon Ltd, 爱丁堡, 英国D8911
沃特曼滤纸SIGMA-ALDRICH WHA10010155
Gibco DMEM,高糖Thermo Fisher Scientific 11574486
尼龙网筛 Plastok (Meshes and Filtration) Ltd.NA

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