本文描述了在模型实验中硫酸铜电镀液中亚铜离子的积累过程,以及基于定量测量的分析方法。该实验重现了电镀液中亚铜离子的积累过程。
本文描述了在模型实验中硫酸铜电镀液中亚铜离子的积累过程,以及基于定量测量的分析方法。该实验重现了电镀液中亚铜离子的积累过程。
了解硫酸铜电镀液中亚铜离子(一价铜离子:Cu(I))的行为对于改进电镀工艺具有重要意义。我们成功开发了一种可定量且简便测定电镀液中Cu(I)的方法,并将其用于溶液的评估。本文介绍了通过显色反应对Cu(I)浓度进行定量吸收光谱测定以及时间分辨注入测定的方法。该方法可有效在实验室中重现并阐明电镀液中发生的现象。首先,展示了电镀液电解过程中Cu(I)在溶液中的生成与积累过程。当电解电流高于常规电镀工艺时,溶液中Cu(I)的含量会增加。在Cu(I)的测定中,采用BCS(浴铜灵二磺酸钠盐,二钠盐),即一种能与Cu(I)选择性反应的试剂。Cu(I)的浓度可通过Cu(I)-BCS络合物的吸光度计算得出。接着,描述了显色反应的时间测定过程。通过注入法测得的Cu(I)与BCS的显色反应曲线可分解为瞬时组分和延迟组分。通过对这些组分的分析,可阐明Cu(I)的稳定结构,该信息在预测所生成电镀层质量时具有重要意义。该方法可用于促进生产线上电镀液的评估。
随着印刷电路板变得越来越密集和多层化,制造过程中电镀液的管理对保持产品质量愈发重要。在硫酸铜电镀中,一价铜离子(亚铜离子:Cu(I))已被确定为导致铜镀层表面粗糙度大和光泽度差的主要原因之一。人们已对Cu(I)在电镀过程中的行为与作用1,2,3,4,5、各种添加剂的影响以及络合结构6,7,8进行了研究。有必要对电镀液中的Cu(I)进行分析,但由于Cu(I)在水溶液中不稳定,其浓度的定量检测一直存在困难。因此,对电镀槽中Cu(I)进行现场分析是控制电镀液的有效手段。
我们采用一种水溶性螯合试剂BCS(浴铜灵二磺酸钠盐,bathocuproinedisulfonic acid, disodium salt),通过比色分析法实现对硫酸铜电镀液中Cu(I)的现场定量分析。BCS可用于测定水溶液中Cu(I)的浓度9,10,11。传统用于测定Cu(I)的杯灵类显色试剂具有疏水性,需借助醇类进行萃取。研究表明,BCS具有亲水性,可直接在水溶液中测定Cu(I)。两个BCS分子与一个Cu(I)配位,形成1:2的络合物,在400至550 nm波长范围内吸收可见光(见图1)。我们建立了一种通过测定Cu(I)-BCS络合物的吸光度来定量电镀液中Cu(I)浓度的方法12,13。本实验方案的第一部分描述了在模拟实验体系中加速硫酸铜电镀液中Cu(I)生成的方法,以及电镀液中Cu(I)浓度的定量测定方法。这对于阐明电镀槽中Cu(I)的生成与积累过程具有重要意义。
此外,研究表明Cu(I)与BCS的颜色反应可分为快速反应组分和相对较慢的反应组分,这会增加吸光度测量的不确定性。为克服这一问题,我们开发了一种通过注射法测定反应曲线的方法14,15。第二部分展示了基于注射法测定Cu(I)的实验过程。通过分析注射法获得的反应组分,可近似理解溶液中Cu(I)的形成机制及其稳定结构。
传统上认为,电镀液中的亚铜离子(Cu(I))会立即被氧化为铜离子(Cu(II))。我们已证实,在生产线的电镀槽中存在数毫摩尔(mmol/L)浓度的 Cu(I)12。根据本实验方法,即使在实验室的烧杯中,也能重现类似于电镀槽中 Cu(I) 的积累现象。这是阐明此前未知的硫酸铜电镀液中 Cu(I) 生成与积累过程的一项基础技术14。此外,通过控制电镀液中的 Cu(I),还可预测 Cu(I) 对镀层质量的影响15。
注意:请查阅所有相关的材料安全数据表(MSDS)。进行硫酸铜电镀实验时,请佩戴防护装备。
1. 硫酸铜镀液的制备
注意:硫酸铜电镀水溶液的配制方法为:在纯水中加入硫酸(0.5 mol/L)、硫酸铜(0.4 mol/L)、氯(Cl,1.41 mmol/L)、聚乙二醇(PEG;分子量 4000:0.025 mmol/L)、二硫代双(3-磺丙基)(SPS,0.003 mmol/L)和坚牢绿 B(JGB,0.004 mmol/L)。
2. 电镀液中 Cu(I) 的形成
3. Cu(I) 的定量测定
4. Cu(I) 和 BCS 显色反应曲线的注射量测定
The concentration of Cu(I) in the plating solution can be determined from the absorbance at 485 nm of Cu(I)-2BCS chelate. Figure 5 shows the absorption spectra of the plating solutions that were electrolyzed for 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min. The Cu(I) concentration tends to increase from 0 to 10 min depending on the electrolysis time. However, as a result of the time-resolved measurement, a delay component appeared in addition to the instantaneous component in the reaction between BCS and Cu(I). This reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) of the absorbance value and prevents accurate determination of Cu(I) concentration. It is preferable to use the injection method to determine the Cu(I) concentration, because the change in absorbance caused by the injection of plating solution is measured by time decomposition (Figure 6).
Information on the Cu(I) holding structure in the plating solution is obtained by numerical analysis of the reaction curve. In general, Cu(I) is quickly oxidized to Cu(II) in an aqueous solution; but in the plating solution it is considered to be stabilized by forming a complex with an additive (especially PEG)14. The reaction curve reflects the chelation process of Cu(I) and BCS. The reaction curve is composed of a component that increases immediately after the plating solution injection and a component that slowly increases over several tens of min. These components suggest that there are multiple holding structures of Cu(I) in the plating solution. Characteristics of the plating solution involved in Cu(I) can be evaluated by analyzing the reaction curve. Assuming that the reaction of Cu(I) with BCS is a first order reaction with respect to the Cu(I) concentration, we obtained the following reaction kinetics of the absorbance, At:
At = A0 + AL [1 – exp (−t/TL)]
t is the time from the start of measurement, A0 corresponds to a component that reacts instantaneously (absorbance at t = 0) and AL corresponds to a component that reacts slowly (At - A0). TL is the time constant of the AL component. To simulate the color reaction curve, we applied the formula to the original analysis software (software may be commercially available)13,15. A curve simulating the change in the absorbance of the color reaction of the electroplating solution is shown in Figure 7. From the simulation, the parameters (A0, AL, TL) related to Cu(I) accumulation are quantified. The simulation results in this figure were A0 = 0.053, AL = 0.098, TL = 13.6 min, and r2 = 0.998. Figure 8 (graph) plots the simulation value A0 in the plating solution that was electrolyzed for different times. Although the value of A0 did not change greatly until 4 min of electrolysis, an increase corresponding to electrolysis time was seen from 6 min to 10 min.
Plating was carried out on a copper substrate for 10 min with the electrolysis solutions to investigate the effect of Cu(I) on the quality of the copper plating such as roughness and morphology. Figure 8 shows the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) images of the film surface structure deposited with electrolysis solutions. The film structure at 0 min and at 4 min of electrolysis plating are nearly indistinguishable. There are fine particles adsorbed densely with a size of several tens of nanometers and a smooth surface morphology. After 6 min of electrolysis plating, there is some swelling on the surface. After 10 min of electrolysis plating, there is a large chunky roughness.

Figure 1: Structure and absorption spectrum of Cu (I)-BCS complex. Fresh copper sulfate plating solution and electrolysis solution. Since Cu(I) is accumulated in the plating solution by electrolysis, the absorption spectrum of Cu(I)-BCS complex is observed in the electrolysis plating solution sample. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the equipment for electrification experiment (left) and representative conditions of the electrolysis experiment (right). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3: Picture of a combinations of parts to be energized in the experiment. Attach the jig with the electrode plate to the glass beaker and connect it to the power supply. (1) Acrylic beaker fixing part, (2) metal electrode parts, (3) copper plate electrode (anode), and (4) platinum plate electrode (cathode). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 4: Absorption measurement of Cu(I). Absorption measurement procedure (left) and photos of sample solution (right). Fresh copper sulfate plating solution (blue) and electrolysis solution (orange). Since Cu(I) is accumulated in the plating solution by electrolysis, it is colored orange in the electrolysis plating solution sample. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 5: Absorption spectra of Cu(I)-BCS in electrolysis solutions. Electrolysis time: (a) 0, (b) 4, (c) 6, (d) 8, and (e) 10 min. Since the absorbance of Cu(I)-BCS generally increases as the electrolysis time becomes longer, it is considered that the amount of Cu(I) accumulated in the plating solution is increased. This figure is a modification of Figure 2 of Koga et al. 201815. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 6: Injection measurement. Left: Picture of chamber cover. There is a syringe port at the top of the cell; insert a pipette there and inject sample solution. Right: Reaction curve of plating solution which was electrolyzed at 1.0 A for 10 min. A sharp increase in absorbance immediately after injection and a gentle increase are clearly observed. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 7: Simulation of absorbance of plating solution (1.0 A, 10 min).
: measured point, solid line: fitting curve. This figure is a modification of Figure 4 of Koga et al. 201815. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 8: Deposition versus electrolysis time. (Graph) Normalized absorbance fitting parameters are plotted against electrolysis time, A0. (Pictures) SEM images of the plating film surface that were deposited in each electrolysis solution (times above pictures are electrolysis times). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
图2 示意性地展示了一个用于电解实验的系统。该夹具为定制部件,由用于固定在烧杯上的丙烯酸部件以及用于安装电极板和连接电源的金属部件组成。通过该装置,电极板的浸入面积保持恒定,从而确保电流值与电流密度之间的关系保持不变。在我们的实验条件下,浸入面积为 4 cm × 2 cm,当电流为 1 A 时,电流密度为 62.5 mA/cm2。在 Cu(I) 的富集过程中,将铜板连接至阳极,铂板连接至阴极。为了提高 Cu(I) 的富集效率,建议预先用氮气对电镀液进行除氧处理。
对 Cu(I) 的定量测量包含一个简单的步骤。将中和溶液和 BCS 溶液倒入比色皿中,并混入镀液(图 4)。需要搅拌超过 20 分钟,以确保 Cu(I) 与 BCS 充分反应。这是为了通过充分推进反应来保证测量的准确性。如果镀液中含有 Cu(I),样品溶液会呈现橙色,并获得在 485 nm 处有吸收峰的吸收光谱。由于络合物形成所引起的溶液颜色变化十分显著,令许多铜电镀技术人员感到惊讶。
当电流通过硫酸铜电镀液时,溶液中会积累 Cu(I),这一点已得到证实(图5)。吸收光谱呈现出 Cu(I)-BCS 络合物的特征峰形,适合通过在 485 nm 处的吸光度来计算 Cu(I) 的浓度。尽管电流值可任意选择,但在 0.2 A 的电流下几乎不会积累 Cu(I),需要更高的电流值。虽然 Cu(I) 的积累量随电解时间延长而增加,但过大的电流会导致其趋于饱和(例如,在 1.0 A 下电解超过 10 分钟)。当电流值为 0.5 至 1.0 A 时,电解 10 分钟可使 Cu(I) 的积累量增加14。当通过过大的电流时(例如,1.0 A 下电解 20 分钟),Cu(I) 浓度反而下降。这可能与歧化反应进行过程中铜颗粒的形成有关。
镀液中 Cu(I) 与 BCS 的反应具有多个时间组分,这常常使得浓度的准确定量变得困难。为解决这一问题,建议采用注射测量法(图6)。在此测量中,Cu(I)-BCS 配合物的吸光强度以镀液注入前的基线为基准,取其变化量进行测定,因而可实现更精确的定量。此外,由于反应曲线可进行简单的数值分析,即使反应未完全进行,也能高精度地确定其浓度。反应曲线的各组分被认为反映了镀液中 Cu(I) 的存在形态结构14。
建立镀液中Cu(I)存在形态的持留结构模型,对于反驳“镀液中的Cu(I)会瞬间氧化为Cu(II)”这一观点具有重要意义。我们基于对电流量、Cu(I)生成及其积累特性的分析,提出以下模型:从铜板溶出的部分Cu(I)以Cu(I)-PEG络合物的形式稳定存在于溶液中。在络合物形成的初期,氯离子被认为可作为Cu(I)的临时稳定剂6,8。与PEG配位的Cu(I)被包埋于其三维结构内部,处于疏水环境中。当Cu(I)生成量增加时,过量的Cu(I)会配位于PEG表面,并可能靠近液体相。由于位于PEG表面的Cu(I)能迅速与BCS反应,因此对应于反应曲线中的A0组分。而被PEG内部包埋的Cu(I)因受到保护,难以被BCS攻击,表现出缓慢的AL组分。已有研究指出,A0组分主要影响镀层薄膜的质量15。该信息对于镀液的管理具有重要意义。
通过加速镀液的变性过程,并检测累积的Cu(I)浓度及其稳定结构,可以对镀液进行明确表征。这不仅对于理解电镀过程至关重要,也有助于预测所生成镀膜的质量。根据扫描电镜(SEM)图像的验证结果表明,Cu(I)浓度特别是其中的A0组分,与镀膜表面粗糙度的产生密切相关(图8)。对Cu(I)进行现场测量为电镀槽液的管理提供了新的指导依据。
该研究可为基于光学测量的电镀液管理提供支持。我们的目标是开发一种能够在生产线上实时、原位评估电镀液状态的系统。
我们没有需要披露的内容。
我们感谢平川女士为本研究做出的重要贡献。
| 姓名 | 公司 | 目录编号 | 评论 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 乙酸 | Wako | 016-18835 | |
| BCS | Dojindo | B002 | |
| 铜板 | YAMAMOTO-MS | B-60-P05 | |
| 硫酸铜 | Wako | 033-04415 | |
| 盐酸 | SIGMA-ALDRICH | 13-1750-5 | |
| JGB | Wako | 106-00011 | |
| 磁力搅拌器 | Iuchi | HS-30D | |
| NaOH | NACALAI TESQUTE | 31511-05 | |
| PEG4000 | Wako | 162-09115 | |
| 铂板 | NILACO | PT-353326 | |
| 电源 | TAKASAGO | LX018-28 | |
| SPS | Wako | 327-87481 | |
| 搅拌子 | AS ONE | 1-5409-01 | |
| 硫酸 | Wako | 192-04696 | |
| 注射器接口 | JASCO | CSP-749 | |
| 带搅拌器的恒温池架 | JASCO | STR-773 | |
| 紫外/可见分光光度计 | JASCO | V-630 |
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