方法文章

结合行为学与脑电图研究正念冥想对情景记忆的影响

DOI:

10.3791/61247

2020年5月11日

本文内容

摘要

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本文介绍了一种将正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务与脑电图(EEG)相结合的实验方案,旨在探讨正念冥想对情景记忆的行为学和神经机制影响。

摘要

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尽管近期人们对正念冥想如何影响情景记忆以及大脑结构和功能产生了兴趣,但尚无研究考察正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经效应。本文介绍了一种结合正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务和脑电图(EEG)的实验方案,用于探讨正念冥想如何改变情景记忆的行为表现及其神经相关机制。我们将正念冥想实验组的受试者与等待期对照组进行了比较。正念冥想实验组的受试者接受了为期四周的正念冥想训练和练习。使用五因素正念问卷(FFMQ)在训练前后测量正念水平。使用来源识别任务在训练前后测量情景记忆能力。在来源识别任务的提取阶段记录脑电图(EEG)。结果显示,在接受正念冥想训练后,正念水平、来源识别任务的行为表现以及右侧额区和左侧顶区通道的EEG theta波功率均有所提高。此外,正念水平的提升与右侧额区通道theta波功率的增加呈正相关。因此,通过结合正念冥想训练、情景记忆任务和脑电图所获得的结果揭示了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为和神经效应。

引言

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近年来,人们日益关注正念冥想在缓解精神疾病症状和增强认知功能方面的作用,但仍需开展大量研究以深入理解正念冥想对认知功能的影响。既往研究表明,正念冥想可减轻压力、抑郁、广泛性焦虑障碍、成瘾、注意力缺陷障碍及疼痛障碍等症状1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,同时还能提升注意力和执行功能2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12,13,14,15,16

尽管人们对正念冥想对认知功能的影响很感兴趣,但关于正念冥想对情景记忆影响的研究仍十分有限17。鉴于注意力和执行功能在情景记忆的编码与提取过程中的重要作用,正念冥想也应能增强情景记忆。最近的一些行为学研究显示,正念训练可提高再认记忆的回忆能力18,19以及自由回忆能力20

除了正念冥想对认知的行为效应外,以往的研究还探讨了正念冥想对大脑的影响。研究表明,正念冥想能够改变大脑的结构和功能。尤为重要的是,正念冥想已被证实可改变与情景记忆相关的脑网络的结构和功能21,22,23;具体表现为前额叶皮层1,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32和海马体25,27,28,33,34,35,36,37的灰质体积和活动增强,以及theta波(4‒8 Hz)功率和相干性增加1,36,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45

因此,以往的研究分别探讨了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为效应17,18,19,20以及正念冥想的神经效应1,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45。为了理解正念冥想对情景记忆及其神经相关机制的影响,有必要在情景记忆过程中同时测量行为表现和脑活动。研究情景记忆神经相关机制的一种方法是使用脑电图(EEG)。本文描述了一种将正念冥想训练与情景记忆任务相结合并在过程中记录EEG的方法。通过将正念冥想训练与情景记忆的行为和神经测量相结合,我们可以更深入地理解正念冥想对认知功能的影响。

方案

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所有程序均经鲍登学院机构审查委员会批准,符合联邦关于保护人类受试者的指南。

1. 受试者的招募与实验前准备

  1. 招募40名18至29岁的受试者,要求受试者无冥想经验、惯用右手、英语流利、视力正常或矫正至正常水平,且无神经系统疾病。
    注意:对更年幼的儿童和老年人的研究需要单独设计针对特定年龄段的实验。额叶和顶叶的发育对完成情景记忆任务至关重要,而脑电图(EEG)信号在不同年龄段存在差异。针对儿童和老年人的研究需采用特定年龄的认知任务,以及专门的EEG记录与数据分析方案,而本实验方案未涵盖这些内容。仅招募惯用右手的受试者,以减少EEG活动的变异性。
  2. 将40名受试者随机分配至正念冥想实验组或等待列表对照组,每组各20名受试者。
  3. 安排实验环节和正念冥想训练,确保正念冥想实验组与等待列表对照组在训练前和训练后的实验环节之间的时间间隔相等(参见图1以查看实验流程的示意图)。

正念训练实验示意图:冥想前后或等待期的脑电图(EEG)记录会话。
图1:实验会话的可视化示意图。 受试者完成了五因素正念问卷(FFMQ)46,并在训练前和训练后的实验会话中进行情景记忆任务,同时记录脑电图(EEG)。受试者被随机分配接受为期四周的正念冥想训练,或进入等待名单,后续再接受正念冥想训练。请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。

  1. 向受试者说明行为测试、脑电图记录以及正念冥想训练所涉及的程序。确保受试者在研究之外的时间不进行冥想练习。

2. 正念问卷

  1. 在每次实验过程中,让受试者完成五因素正念问卷(Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ)46(参见补充文件1)。
  2. 分析正念相关数据。
    1. 通过计算FFMQ总分以及观察(Observe)、描述(Describe)、觉知(Awareness)、不评判(Nonjudge)和不反应(Nonreactive)各分量表的得分来评估每位受试者的正念水平,即将各分量表的条目得分相加(注意:根据FFMQ46中的说明,部分条目的计分需反向计分(即1变为5,2变为4,4变为2,5变为1)(参见补充文件1中的计分说明)。
    2. 比较正念冥想实验组与等待列表对照组在训练前和训练后实验阶段的FFMQ总分以及观察、描述、觉知、不评判和不反应各维度得分。

3. 情景记忆任务

  1. 根据 Kucera 和 Francis47 的词频规范,准备一份包含 800 个形容词的词表(参见 补充文件 2)。
  2. 在每次实验环节中,先向被试呈现 10 个词,练习编码阶段,并按以下所述执行编码任务。
  3. 在每次实验环节中,让被试执行编码阶段。
    1. 让被试学习一份包含 200 个形容词的词表,要求他们针对每个形容词,要么在脑海中构建一个由该形容词描述的空间场景(地点任务),要么思考该词的含义并评定其愉悦度(愉悦任务)。
    2. 在每个词呈现后,要求被试评定其完成编码任务的程度(参见 图 2 以了解编码过程的示意图)。
  4. 在每次实验环节中,让被试练习来源提取阶段:呈现编码练习中使用的 10 个词以及 5 个新词,并按以下所述执行来源提取任务。
  5. 在每次实验环节中,记录 EEG 的同时让被试执行来源提取阶段。
    1. 将编码阶段呈现过的 200 个词与 200 个新词随机混合后呈现。向 EEG 记录系统发送对应于各行为条件的时间戳。将词语分为 20 个区组呈现,以便被试可在区组间休息,缓解眼部疲劳。
    2. 在每个词呈现期间,要求被试判断该词是新的,还是曾在编码阶段学习过。对于识别出的词,进一步要求被试判断其来源,即该词是在地点任务还是愉悦任务中学习的(参见 图 2 以了解来源提取过程的示意图)。
      注意:可使用任何专为行为研究设计的软件(如 EPrime)来设计该 episodic 记忆任务,该软件可通过任务事件(Task Events)向 EEG 记录系统发送时间戳(参见 材料表)。相关教程和示例实验可在线获取(例如 https://pstnet.com,https://step.talkbank.org48)。

编码与提取过程示意图;认知任务、时间线、反应类型、记忆研究。
图 2:实验范式的可视化展示。在情节记忆任务中,受试者学习形容词,并想象一个场景(地点任务)或判断其愉悦程度(愉悦任务)。在来源提取阶段,受试者需判断每个词之前执行的是哪项任务(“旧地点任务”或“旧愉悦任务”),或判断为“新词”。本图改编自 Nyhus 等人60请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。

  1. 根据行为条件和受试者的反应标记每次试验(参见 图3图4),并分析情景记忆行为数据。
    1. 通过计算项目辨别力(项目 d’,参见 图3)来测量受试者记忆来源信息的能力:
      Z(击中率) – Z(虚报率)
    2. 通过计算来源辨别力(来源 d’,参见 图4)来测量受试者记忆来源信息的能力:
      Z(正确来源率) – Z(错误来源率)
    3. 比较正念冥想实验组与等待列表对照组在训练前和训练后实验阶段的项目辨别力和来源辨别力(项目与来源 d’)。

静态平衡示意图:认知判断、条件、命中、虚报、正确拒绝。
图3:用于测量词语记忆的数据类别。试验根据行为条件和受试者的反应进行标记,并用于计算项目辨别力(项目d’)。请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

认知判断过程示意图;条件与正确性分析流程图。
图4:源记忆测量中包含的数据类别。根据行为条件和受试者的反应对试验进行标记,并用于计算源辨别能力(源 d’)。请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

4. 脑电图记录与分析

  1. 设置脑电图(EEG)帽(参见材料表)。
    注意:可通过在线资源获取脑电图帽佩戴教程及其他有用信息(例如,https://pursue.richmond.edu49)。
    1. 测量受试者的头部尺寸,并根据扩展的国际10-20系统,将所有电极放置在合适尺寸的脑电帽上。
    2. 使用酒精棉片清洁受试者的额头。
    3. 分开受试者的头发,然后使用带有钝头针头的鲁尔锁式注射器注入导电凝胶,将脑电帽固定在受试者头部。
    4. 使用脑电记录软件,点击阻抗检测,确保各电极阻抗低于所选脑电系统推荐的电阻水平。
    5. 要求受试者在实验过程中尽可能保持静止。向受试者展示其静止状态、眨眼或进行下颌及面部运动时的脑电信号。
  2. 记录脑电图(EEG)。
    1. 通过点击编辑工作区,在脑电记录软件中设置脑电放大器,对所有受试者均采用0.1–100 Hz带通滤波和500 Hz采样率来采集信号。
    2. 开始脑电图记录。
    3. 启动源提取阶段,并确保源提取任务的时间戳同步显示在脑电记录中。
  3. 当受试者完成源提取任务后,使用去离子水和消毒剂清洁脑电帽及电极。
  4. 处理并分析脑电数据。
    1. 对数据进行高通滤波(截止频率1 Hz)和低通滤波(截止频率100 Hz)。
    2. 利用周围通道识别并插值坏通道50
    3. 将数据重参考至平均参考51
    4. 根据源提取任务中每个时间戳的起始点对数据进行分段,并减去刺激前基线期。
    5. 识别并去除脑电数据中的伪迹,例如眼动和眨眼伪迹。检测并剔除含有大幅伪迹的试验段(电压波动超过1,000 μV或数据偏离均值5个标准差以上)。在进行独立成分分析(ICA)52并识别及去除噪声成分后,重建脑电数据53
    6. 使用Morlet小波变换,将脑电数据转换至时频域,频率范围覆盖3 Hz至125 Hz之间的100个对数间隔频率,小波周期从3 Hz处的3个周期逐渐增加至125 Hz处的25个周期。
    7. 比较正念冥想实验组与等待列表对照组在训练前和训练后实验阶段中,右额区和左顶区通道的theta波功率相对于刺激前基线的变化,这些通道在源提取过程中表现出显著效应54,55,56,57。所有分析均应校正多重比较。
      注意:可使用公开可用的信号处理软件(如EEGLab58)进行脑电数据的处理与分析。Swartz计算神经科学中心提供EEGLab培训研讨会和教程(https://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/index.php)。

5. 正念冥想训练

  1. 聘请一位接受过基于正念减压(Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, MBSR)技术培训的正念冥想指导师59
    注:可通过网络查找接受过MBSR技术培训的指导师(例如 https://www.brown.edu/public-health/mindfulness/programs/mbsr-teacher-recognition)。
  2. 让正念冥想实验组中的20名受试者每周与正念冥想指导师集体见面一次,每次一小时,持续四周。
    注:标准的MBSR课程为期八周,内容包括呼吸觉察、静坐冥想、瑜伽和放松技巧。正念冥想训练应包含标准MBSR课程中的部分内容,例如呼吸觉察和静坐冥想(参见补充文件3)。这些练习与注意力集中和执行功能相关,最有可能促进情景记忆。
  3. 要求受试者每天至少进行20分钟的正念冥想练习,使用由正念冥想指导师提供的引导式呼吸觉察冥想录音。
  4. 通过每日电子邮件调查问卷(参见材料表)询问受试者每天练习正念冥想的时间(分钟数)、练习内容以及练习过程的感受,以追踪其每日练习情况。
    注:研究人员应考虑排除那些未投入足够时间进行正念冥想练习的受试者。
  5. 在完成正念冥想训练后,应尽快安排训练后的实验测试环节。
    注:研究人员应考虑排除那些无法在正念冥想训练结束后尽快完成训练后实验测试的受试者。如需进一步信息,请咨询使用脑电图(EEG)技术开展随机对照实验的认知神经科学领域专家。

结果

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40名冥想初学者、惯用右手且能流利使用英语的受试者(正念冥想实验组包括10名男性和10名女性,年龄在18至22岁之间;等待列表对照组包括7名男性和13名女性,年龄在18至22岁之间)的结果具有代表性。行为数据和脑电图(EEG)数据采用混合方差分析(ANOVA),比较正念冥想实验组与等待列表对照组在训练前后(训练前、训练后)的表现。所有事后检验均对多重比较进行了校正。

正念问卷
首先,分析评估了正念冥想训练是否成功。受试者投入了大量时间进行正念冥想练习,其正念水平在五因素正念问卷(FFMQ)测量中有所提升。具体而言,FFMQ总分在组别与时间之间存在显著交互作用(F(1,38) = 11.15,MSE = 67.67,p <.01);在“描述”(Describe)维度(F(1,38) = 3.35,MSE = 12.26,p = .08)和“不评判”(Nonjudge)维度(F(1,38) = 3.87,MSE = 15.37,p = .06)上存在边缘显著的组别与时间交互作用。在正念冥想实验组中,FFMQ总分(F(1,19) = 15.60,MSE = 63.34,p < .01)、“描述”维度(F(1,19) = 6.36,MSE = 8.44,p = .02)和“不评判”维度(F(1,19) = 10.12,MSE = 8.60,p < .01)的得分从训练前到训练后均显著上升,而等待期对照组则未见变化(见表1)。

实验组对照组
训练前训练后训练前训练后
总分128.13 (2.38)138.07 (3.24)123.59 (4.19)121.25 (4.77)
观察26.98 (1.16)28.70 (1.00)23.83 (1.14)23.70 (1.26)
描述29.5 (1.36)31.82 (.99)27.10 (1.25)26.55 (1.26)
觉知25.25 (1.06)26.95 (1.12)25.27 (.94)24.05 (1.28)
非评判24.65 (1.26)27.60 (1.40)27.50 (1.42)27.00 (2.05)
非反应性21.75 (.99)23.00 (1.08)19.90 (1.09)19.95 (1.16)

表1:五因素正念问卷数据。 正念冥想实验组与等待名单对照组在训练前与训练后实验阶段的FFMQ总分以及观察、描述、觉知、不评判和不反应性分量表得分。表中显示均值及其标准误(括号内)。本表格经Nyhus等60修改。

情景记忆
其次,分析考察了正念冥想对情景记忆任务行为表现的影响。正念冥想训练提高了源记忆,表现为源辨别能力(源辨别指数 d’)的提升。尽管组别与时间之间无显著交互作用(F(1,38) = 1.16,MSE = .12,p = .29),但成对比较显示,正念冥想实验组在训练后源辨别能力较训练前显著提高(F(1,19)=10.53,MSE=.12,p<.01),而等待名单对照组则未见显著变化(见表2)。

实验组对照组
条件训练前训练后训练前训练后
击中率地点来源正确.66 (.02).67 (.03).71 (.03).69 (.02)
愉悦度来源正确.61 (.03).72 (.03).64 (.05).74 (.03)
虚报率地点来源错误.34 (.02).33 (.03).29 (.03).31 (.02)
愉悦度来源错误.39 (.03).28 (.03).36 (.05).26 (.03)
来源 d'.70 (.11)1.06 (.12)1.04 (.17)1.23 (.14)
来源 c-.06 (.05).07 (.05)-.12 (.12).10 (.07)

表2:来源记忆行为数据。正念冥想实验组与等待列表对照组在训练前与训练后实验阶段的击中率、虚报率、来源辨别能力(来源 d’)和反应偏向(来源 c)。表中显示的是带标准误(括号内)的平均值 本表已根据 Nyhus 等人60 修改。

脑电图结果
第三,脑电图分析考察了正念冥想对情景记忆相关神经活动的影响。具体而言,研究分析了在1000至1500毫秒时间窗内右额叶和左顶叶通道的theta波功率,因为此类效应已在多种源提取任务中被发现54,55,56,57。对于左顶叶通道,组别与时间存在交互作用(F(1,37) = 9.52,MSE = .92,p < .01)。正念冥想实验组在训练后theta波功率较训练前显著升高(F(1,19) = 17.37,MSE = .23,p< .01),而等待列表对照组则无此变化(见图5)。

脑电波频率功率谱、训练效果分析、脑电图、实验对照、分贝标度。
图 5:正念冥想对θ波功率的影响。 正念冥想实验组与等待名单对照组在训练前与训练后实验阶段的θ波功率比较。(A)右侧额叶通道在时间和频率上的时频谱图。(B)左侧顶叶通道在时间和频率上的时频谱图。(C)所有通道在10001500 ms时间窗内的θ波功率,以及从训练前到训练后的变化差异。(C)黑色*标记了在右侧额叶和左侧顶叶区域被分析的通道。颜色标度:相对于刺激前基线的分贝变化,以及训练前到训练后差异的p值。本图经Nyhus等60修改。 请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。

最后,分析了正念冥想实验组中正念水平的变化与情景记忆行为表现及脑电图(EEG)变化之间的相关性。从训练前到训练后,FFMQ描述分量表得分的提高与右侧额叶通道EEG theta波功率的增加呈正相关(r = .72,n = 20,p < .01,双尾检验,经Bonferroni校正;见图6)。

前额叶theta功率散点图,FFMQ描述训练前后,R²=0.51,数据分析。
图6:FFMQ评分变化与theta功率变化之间的相关性。 右侧前额叶通道在训练前后对“击中”和“正确拒绝”条件下theta功率平均差异的变化,与训练前后FFMQ“描述”维度评分差异之间的相关性。本图经Nyhus等60修改。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

补充文件 1。 请点击此处下载该文件。

补充文件 2。 请点击此处下载该文件。

补充文件 3。 请点击此处下载该文件。

讨论

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本实验方案首次提供了正念冥想可增强来源记忆及θ振荡的证据。通过将正念冥想训练与行为学和神经测量方法相结合,我们能更深入地理解正念冥想对情景记忆及其神经相关机制的影响。

尽管先前的研究分别探讨了正念冥想对情景记忆的行为效应17,18,19,20以及正念冥想的神经效应1,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,但尚无研究将行为表现与脑电图(EEG)技术结合用于情景记忆的研究中。此外,以往关于正念冥想的研究常以经验丰富的冥想者为对象1,17,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,32,33,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,43,44,因而可能存在自我选择偏差。本研究采用纵向设计,并将参与者随机分配至正念冥想组和等待对照组,从而更好地控制组间差异。最后,以往正念冥想研究多采用完整的8周正念减压(MBSR)课程,而本研究发现仅4周的正念冥想训练即产生显著效果。

成功实施这些方法包含若干关键步骤。首先,将受试者随机分配至正念冥想实验组或等待列表对照组,这对于确保两组之间基本相等至关重要。其次,正念冥想训练应聚焦于MBSR课程中与注意力集中和执行功能相关的部分(例如呼吸觉察),因为这些方面最有可能促进情景记忆的改善。第三,必须让受试者投入大量时间练习正念冥想,并准确报告每天冥想所花费的时间。第四,正念冥想实验组与等待列表对照组在训练前与训练后实验环节之间的时间间隔应保持一致,以控制时间因素的影响;同时,训练后的实验测试应尽可能在正念冥想训练结束后立即进行,以避免训练效果在测试前消退。第五,正念冥想可能通过增强注意力和执行功能来影响情景记忆,因此使用需要执行功能参与的情景记忆任务(例如来源记忆任务)尤为重要。最后,获取高质量且无伪迹的脑电图(EEG)数据也至关重要。

尽管该方法相较于现有方法具有一些优势,但仍需注意若干局限性。正念冥想对来源记忆的影响较弱,这可能是由于研究对象为记忆功能良好的健康年轻成年人,或受试者进行正念冥想练习的时间有限所致。为期4周的正念冥想训练短于标准的8周正念减压课程(MBSR),且受试者平均每日并未完成完整的20分钟正念冥想练习。此外,本研究未设置主动对照组,因此尚不清楚正念冥想在提升来源记忆或theta振荡方面与其他干预措施相比效果如何。最后,本研究所采用的脑电图(EEG)分析方法未能将周期性振荡功率与非周期性的1/f非振荡功率区分开来,这可能影响结果的解释。因此,未来的研究应考虑选用记忆能力较弱的受试者,实施完整的8周MBSR课程,采用主动对照条件,并使用新近开发的、能够区分振荡活动与1/f非振荡活动的分析方法61

因此,目前的方法已成功结合行为学与脑电图(EEG)技术,用于研究正念冥想对情景记忆的影响。未来的研究应采用这些方法,将正念冥想与其他已被证明可改善情景记忆并改变大脑结构与功能的干预措施进行比较。此外,未来的研究还应结合行为学与神经测量手段,考察正念 冥想对认知其他方面的效应。通过整合行为学与神经层面的测量,并将正念冥想与替代性干预方式进行比较,我们将能更准确地确定最具前景的认知增强治疗方法。

披露

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作者无任何利益冲突需要披露。

致谢

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$$\rightleftharpoonup{xx}$$ $$\longleftharp{xx}$$, $$\longrightharp{xx}$$,

本研究得到了鲍登学院管理部门、鲍登生命科学研究奖学金、彼得·J·格鲁亚和玛丽·G·奥康奈尔师生研究奖以及库菲家族学生研究奖学金的支持。我们感谢本杰明·蒂普顿(Benjamin Tipton)主持正念冥想课程,感谢汉娜·里斯(Hannah Reese)在实验设计和数据分析方面提供的帮助。

材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
BrainVision actiCHampBrain Products GmbH, Gilching, GermanyBP-0902064导脑电图系统
BrainVision RecorderBrain Products GmbH, Gilching, GermanyBP-00020用于脑电数据采集的脑电记录软件
E-Prime 2.0 ProfessionalPsychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PAPST-100577专为行为学研究设计的软件,可与脑电记录系统联用
QualtricsQualtrics, Provo, UTCore XM调查工具

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