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方法文章

一种用于研究的离体实验方法 白色念珠菌 胃肠道中的菌丝形态发生

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DOI:

10.3791/61488

2020年7月1日

本文内容

摘要

本研究中采用肠道匀浆提取物和免疫荧光染色的离体检测方法,代表了一种检测胃肠道内白色念珠菌Candida albicans菌丝形态发生的 novel 方法。该方法可用于研究调控肠道内形态转换的环境信号。

摘要

Candida albicans 在胃肠道(GI)中的菌丝形态发生受到多种环境信号的严格调控,并在该机会性真菌病原体的播散和致病过程中发挥重要作用。然而,在体内可视化胃肠道内真菌菌丝的技术具有挑战性,这限制了人们对调控该形态发生过程的环境信号的理解。本文所述的实验方案展示了一种新颖的离体方法,用于在肠道匀浆提取物中可视化菌丝形态发生。通过离体实验,本研究证明来自抗生素处理小鼠的盲肠内容物能够促进 C. albicans 在肠道内容物中的菌丝形态发生,而未经处理的对照小鼠的盲肠内容物则无此作用。此外,向抗生素处理小鼠的盲肠内容物中回补特定类别的肠道代谢物,可在离体条件下差异性地调控菌丝形态发生。综上所述,该实验方案提供了一种新颖的方法,用于鉴定和研究调控 C. albicans 在胃肠道中菌丝形态发生的环境信号。

引言

Candida albicans 是一种机会性、多态性的真菌病原体,通常为共生菌,但在免疫功能低下个体中可转变为致病形态,引发危及生命的感染1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13C. albicans 是导致系统性医院内感染的主要病原之一,即使接受抗真菌治疗,其死亡率仍高达 40–60%2,14,15。尽管 C. albicans 可存在于包括女性生殖系统16,17、健康个体的口腔18以及胃肠道(GI)道19,20在内的多种宿主生态位中,但大多数系统性感染起源于胃肠道,且系统性感染的来源通常被证实为胃肠道21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34C. albicans 在胃肠道中的致病性受多种因素影响,但其毒力所需的一个关键特征是从酵母细胞形态向致病性菌丝形态的转变35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44。在感染过程中,C. albicans 从胃肠道的黏附与播散与其由共生酵母向致病菌丝的形态转换能力密切相关,这种转换使真菌能够引发侵袭性疾病44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53

肠道中的多种因素(包括N-乙酰葡糖胺)可调控白色念珠菌(C. albicans)的菌丝形成。因此,缩小对该真菌病原体在胃肠道中菌丝形态发生的认知差距至关重要54,55,56。最近的研究表明,多种肠道代谢物可在体外差异性地调控C. albicans的菌丝形态发生57,58,59,60。然而,在尝试研究活体肠道样本中C. albicans菌丝形成时,技术限制带来了挑战,尤其是酵母细胞和菌丝细胞的染色以及菌丝发育的定量分析。为了深入理解C. albicans在胃肠道中的菌丝形态发生,研究人员建立了一种离体方法,利用小鼠匀浆肠道内容物的可溶性提取物,研究代谢物对真菌菌丝形态发生的影响。通过使用对C. albicans胃肠道感染具有抗性与易感性的小鼠肠道样本,该方法将有助于鉴定并研究代谢物、抗生素和外源物质对胃肠道内真菌菌丝形态发生的影响。

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方案

所有动物实验方案均经中西部大学机构动物护理与使用委员会(IACUC)批准,具体如前所述57。中西部大学机构动物护理与使用委员会已根据 MWU IACUC 方案 #2894 批准了本研究。MWU 的动物护理政策遵循公共卫生服务(PHS)关于实验动物人道护理与使用的政策以及《动物福利法》(AWA)中规定的各项政策。

1. 小鼠研究标准方案

  1. 使用至少六周龄的雄性和雌性 C57BL/6J 小鼠。给予无菌水,可添加或不添加头孢哌酮(0.5 mg/mL)。
    1. 将小鼠以每笼5只同性别小鼠的方式共同饲养。始终提供标准小鼠饲料和水(通过400 mL水瓶供给)。
    2. 每天检查笼子,确保食物和水的供应充足,并观察小鼠是否有痛苦迹象。
  2. 每48小时更换一次含头孢哌酮的水,以确保提供新鲜抗生素,无论笼内饮水瓶中剩余水量如何。
  3. 经过5‒7天的头孢哌酮处理后,按照既定的IACUC规程,通过CO2窒息法处死小鼠,并通过颈椎脱位确认死亡。
  4. 使用经高压灭菌的尖头剪刀和经高压灭菌的镊子解剖小鼠。
    1. 处死后,用针固定四肢,将动物 固定在解剖台上,暴露腹部。
    2. 用70%乙醇喷洒腹部区域,防止毛发在解剖过程中粘附到镊子、剪刀或肠道组织上。
    3. 用镊子夹住并提起腹部基部的一小段皮肤,用剪刀在皮肤及下方筋膜上剪开一个小切口。进行此切口时需格外小心,避免刺破盲肠或肠壁。
    4. 将切口向上延伸至肋骨区域,部分暴露腹膜腔。从初始切口处开始,在两侧分别向上外侧剪开。
    5. 将皮瓣向外拉开,并用针固定在解剖台上,以充分暴露腹膜腔。
  5. 用镊子取出消化道,同时用剪刀在胃的上方和大肠远端区域剪断,以确保从每个肠段收集尽可能多的肠内容物。
  6. 取出消化道时,注意避免破裂各个组成部分。使用剪刀在近端和远端分别分离胃、小肠、盲肠和大肠。
  7. 为收集各肠段的内容物,用剪刀在每个肠段的远端做单一切口,随后用镊子手动将肠内容物挤入1.5 mL 微量离心管中。
  8. 将肠内容物储存于 -80 °C,用于离体实验。

2. 酵母提取物-蛋白胨-葡萄糖(YPD)琼脂平板的制备

  1. 取一个1 L的玻璃瓶,加入25 g酵母提取物蛋白胨葡萄糖肉汤粉末、10 g琼脂,并加入超纯水至终体积为500 mL。
  2. 在液体循环条件下,于121 °C高压灭菌30分钟,以灭菌培养基。
  3. 在超净工作台内,将约20 mL琼脂培养基倒入无菌培养皿中。500 mL琼脂培养基可制备约25个培养皿。
  4. 将培养皿于4 °C保存,待用时取出。

3. 菌丝形态发生实验的离体准备

  1. 将白色念珠菌(C. albicans)SC5314 的新鲜培养物划线接种至 YPD 琼脂平板上,在 30 °C 条件下过夜培养。
  2. 从过夜培养的白色念珠菌(C. albicans)SC5314 培养物中挑取两到三个中等大小的单菌落,并重悬于 1 mL 磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中。
  3. 从 -80 °C 冰箱中取出冷冻保存的肠道内容物,在 25 °C 下解冻。
  4. 称取约 150 mg 肠道内容物至新的 1.5 mL 离心管中。
  5. 加入 150 µL PBS 重悬肠道内容物(肠道内容物与 PBS 的质量体积比为 1:1)。
  6. 高速涡旋振荡 30 秒以均质化肠道内容物,室温静置约 1 分钟。
  7. 将匀浆物在 1000 x g 条件下离心 3 分钟。
  8. 将上清液转移至新的 1.5 mL 离心管中。
  9. 重复步骤 3.7 和 3.8,以彻底去除上清液中的残渣。
  10. 向此上清液中加入 10 µL 上述制备的白色念珠菌(C. albicans)SC5314 接种物。
  11. 充分混匀后,在 37 °C 条件下孵育 4 至 5 小时。

4. 在菌丝形态发生实验中向肠道匀浆提取物外源添加代谢物

  1. 从 -80 °C 冰箱中取出冷冻的肠道内容物,并按 1:1 的比例(重量:体积)用 PBS 重悬。
  2. 向肠道内容物与 PBS 的混合液中加入所需浓度的肠道代谢物。
  3. 高速涡旋振荡 30 秒以充分均质化含代谢物的肠道内容物,随后在室温下静置约 10 分钟。
  4. 将匀浆液在 1000 x g 条件下离心 3 分钟。
  5. 将上清液转移至新的 1.5 mL 离心管中。重复步骤 4.4 和 4.5,以彻底去除上清液中的所有残渣。
  6. 向上清液中加入 10 µL 上述制备的 C. albicans SC5314 接种物。充分混匀后,在 37 °C 下孵育 4 至 5 小时。

5. C. albicans 形态发生实验(免疫染色与成像)

  1. 将样品在 1000 x g 条件下离心 2 分钟,并用移液器弃去上清液。
  2. 用 100 µL 的 2% 多聚甲醛(PFA)固定样品,孵育 15 分钟。
  3. 在 1000 x g 条件下离心 2 分钟,并用移液器弃去上清液。
  4. 用 1 mL PBS 洗涤样品两次。洗涤时,通过轻轻移液将沉淀重新悬浮于 PBS 中。切勿涡旋震荡样品,以免破坏菌丝结构。重新悬浮后,在 1000 x g 条件下离心 2 分钟,并用移液器弃去上清液。
  5. 将样品在室温下与含多克隆 C. albicans 抗体(1:100 稀释)的 100 µL PBS 孵育 30 分钟。
  6. 用 1 mL PBS 洗涤样品三次。
    注意:若使用荧光标记抗体,建议所有稀释和洗涤步骤均在弱光条件下进行,以避免光漂白并延长样品保存时间。
  7. 将样品在室温下与含 1:500 稀释的抗兔 IgG Alexafluor 488 抗体的 100 µL PBS 孵育 15 分钟。孵育过程应在避光的抽屉或暗室中进行,以防光漂白。
  8. 用 1 mL PBS 洗涤样品三次。
  9. 将样品重新悬浮于 100 µL PBS 中,并转移至 96 孔板用于成像。
    注意:当不进行成像时,建议用铝箔包裹 96 孔板以避免光漂白。
  10. 使用荧光成像显微镜,配合 20x 和 40x 物镜观察真菌细胞。采用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)滤光片(激发波长 470/40,发射波长 525/50)检测荧光信号。

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结果

这些结果,结合 Thangamani 实验室先前的研究发现60,表明当在体外培养来自未处理对照组和抗生素处理小鼠的胃、小肠及大肠组织匀浆提取物中的 C. albicans 时,C. albicans 通常以酵母形态生长(图 1B)。然而,在来自抗生素处理小鼠的盲肠提取物中培养时,C. albicans 易于发生形态转化,产生同时含有酵母相和菌丝相的样本(图 1B);而在对照组小鼠中则未观察到该现象。这一发现支持先前的研究结果,即在抗生素处理的盲肠提取物中培养的样本中菌丝相比例显著增加,但在其他任何抗生素处理的肠道提取物中均未出现该现象60。这些结果提示,抗生素处理会引起盲肠微环境的改变,从而诱导 C. albicans 的菌丝形态发生。此外,该表型仅在盲肠中特异性定位的现象还表明,促进菌丝形成的条件可能并非在整个胃肠道中普遍存在,而是受限于胃肠道的特定区...

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讨论

本文所述方法提供了一种研究抗生素、饮食、外源性物质及治疗干预对胃肠道内C. albicans菌丝形态发生影响的新途径。由于大多数全身性感染均起源于胃肠道21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32

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披露

作者无竞争性财务利益或其他利益冲突。

致谢

作者感谢中西部大学细胞与分子核心研究设施提供的资源与支持。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
1 - 10 µL 移液器吸头Fisher Scientific02-707-454其他
100 - 1000 µL 移液器吸头Fisher Scientific02-707-400其他
20 - 200 µL 移液器吸头Fisher Scientific02-707-451其他
2-甲基丁酸Sigma193070-25G菌丝抑制化合物
488 标记山羊抗兔 IgGInvitrogen (Fisher)A11008免疫荧光染色二抗
琼脂FisherBP1423-500YPD 琼脂组分
全自动成像显微镜KeyenceBZX700
白色念珠菌抗体Invitrogen (Fisher)PA1-27158免疫荧光染色一抗
头孢哌酮Cayman16113抗生素
脱氧胆酸Sigma30960菌丝抑制化合物
D-葡萄糖FisherD16-500促进菌丝形成化合物
镊子Fisher08-885
乳酸Alfa AesarAAAL13242-06菌丝抑制化合物
石胆酸SigmaL6250-10G菌丝抑制化合物
棕榈酸SigmaP5585-10G菌丝抑制化合物
多聚甲醛Alfa AesarA11313免疫荧光染色固定剂
磷酸盐缓冲液 (PBS),10×Alfa AesarJ62692PBS 组分
对甲苯乙酸SCBTsc-257959菌丝抑制化合物
癸二酸Sigma283258-250G菌丝抑制化合物
尖头剪刀Fisher28301
无菌 Milli-Q 水N/AN/A其他
YPD 肉汤BD Biosciences242810YPD 琼脂组分

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