方法文章

一种高通量酶偶联活性检测法用于研究小分子与dNTP酶SAMHD1的相互作用

DOI:

10.3791/62503

2021年4月16日

本文内容

摘要

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SAMHD1 是一种脱氧核苷三磷酸三磷酸水解酶,在人类健康与疾病中具有关键作用。本文介绍了一种通用的酶偶联 SAMHD1 活性检测方法,采用 384 孔微孔板格式,可用于评估小分子和核苷类似物是否为 SAMHD1 的底物、激活剂或抑制剂。

摘要

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含 sterile alpha 模体和 HD 结构域的蛋白 1(SAMHD1)是细胞内脱氧核糖核苷三磷酸(dNTP)池的关键调控因子,该酶可将 dNTP 水解为其相应的核苷和无机三磷酸。由于 SAMHD1 在核苷酸代谢中的关键作用、其与多种病理状态的关联以及在治疗耐药性中的角色,目前正开展大量研究以更深入地理解该酶的调控机制及其细胞功能。因此,开发简单、经济且适用于高通量筛选的小分子与 SAMHD1 相互作用的研究方法(例如检测变构调节剂、底物或抑制剂)至关重要。为此,酶偶联的孔雀绿比色法是一种简单且稳健的检测方法,可在 384 微孔板体系中实施,用于间接测定 SAMHD1 的酶活性。由于 SAMHD1 可从核苷酸底物上释放三磷酸基团,我们可将焦磷酸酶活性与该反应偶联,从而生成无机磷酸盐;后者可通过孔雀绿试剂定量检测,其原理是形成磷钼酸-孔雀绿复合物。本文展示了该方法在表征已知 SAMHD1 抑制剂、解析 SAMHD1 催化非经典底物的机制以及研究核苷类抗癌药物作为变构激活剂对 SAMHD1 调控作用中的应用。因此,酶偶联的孔雀绿比色法是研究 SAMHD1 的有力工具,此外也可用于其他释放磷酸根类物质的多种酶的研究。

引言

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含 sterile alpha 基序和组氨酸-天冬氨酸结构域的蛋白 1(SAMHD1)是哺乳动物细胞中核苷酸稳态的核心调控因子1,在人类健康与疾病中具有多种功能2。该酶能够将脱氧核糖核苷三磷酸(dNTPs)水解为其相应的脱氧核糖核苷和无机三磷酸分子3,4,其活性受(d)NTP 浓度的别构调节(详见参考文献5)。每个 SAMHD1 单体包含两个别构位点(AS1 和 AS2)以及一个催化位点,活性酶的形成需要在(d)NTP 结合后有序组装成同源四聚体。SAMHD1 单体的二聚化首先由三磷酸鸟苷(GTP 或 dGTP)结合至 AS1 位点所触发,随后当另一个 dNTP 分子结合至 AS2 位点时,实现进一步的四聚化,从而允许底物进入催化位点并进行后续的水解反应。

SAMHD1 的底物包括四种标准脱氧核苷三磷酸(dNTPs)3,4,以及一些碱基和糖基修饰的核苷酸,其中包括多种用于治疗病毒感染和癌症的核苷类药物的三磷酸代谢产物,其中若干化合物还可作为别构激活剂6,7,8,9,10,11。因此,SAMHD1 在疾病模型中调节了这些化合物中许多药物的疗效7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15;此外,对于脱氧胞苷类似物阿糖胞苷(cytarabine, ara-C)而言,该药物数十年来一直是急性髓系白血病(AML)的标准治疗方案,SAMHD1 实际上决定了该疾病中治疗的疗效7,8,16。因此,SAMHD1 是一个潜在的生物标志物和治疗靶点,可用于提高核苷类疗法的疗效17;为此,我们及其他研究者已致力于寻找在细胞内失活 SAMHD1 的策略。我们曾提出利用病毒蛋白 X(Vpx)作为生物抑制剂,靶向降解癌细胞内的 SAMHD17,然而该方法存在若干局限性(详见参考文献12);我们最近还报道了一种通过抑制核糖核苷酸还原酶来间接抑制 SAMHD1 活性的方法,并在多种 AML 模型中验证了其效果18。已有许多研究致力于寻找能够直接抑制 SAMHD1 的小分子化合物,迄今为止已报道了若干此类分子,但仅限于体外(in vitro)抑制作用的记录6,9,19,20,21,22。因此,目前缺乏可在细胞内有效抑制 SAMHD1 活性的小分子,加之 SAMHD1 对核苷类药物催化机制的复杂性,凸显了进一步研究的必要性。因此,建立稳健且理想情况下适用于高通量筛选的方法,用于检测小分子与 SAMHD1 的相互作用,对于识别这一具有临床重要性的酶的底物、别构调节剂和抑制剂而言至关重要。

目前已有多种方法可直接测定 SAMHD1 的 dNTP 酶活性,例如薄层色谱法(thin-layer chromatography, TLC)9,20,23 和高效液相色谱法(high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)9,21,但这些方法难以适用于高通量实验体系。其中一项例外是 Mauney 等人报道的检测方法,该方法利用 SAMHD1 在 Mn2+ 作为激活阳离子的条件下,水解双(4-硝基苯基)磷酸酯(bis (4-nitrophenyl) phosphate, b4NPP)生成对硝基苯酚和对硝基苯基磷酸酯的能力,从而引起可被微孔板检测仪直接测量的比色变化21。该检测方法已成功用于 SAMHD1 抑制剂的鉴定与表征,但需注意的是,该反应在缺乏 (d)NTP 激活剂的情况下仍可发生,且依赖于一种可能非生理性的激活阳离子,这两点均为需要重点考虑的局限性。这也使得该方法在研究和鉴定 SAMHD1 的变构调节剂方面适用性较低。

在此背景下,如本报告所述,将酶偶联方法与孔雀绿试剂相结合,可作为一种多功能手段,用于间接测定SAMHD1的dNTP酶活性,并进一步探究各种小分子对其活性的影响。孔雀绿检测法是一种稳健可靠的比色技术,通过生成钼磷酸复合物引起颜色变化,并在620 nm处进行检测,从而定量游离的无机磷酸盐(Pi)24。由于SAMHD1水解反应会从核苷酸底物中释放出三磷酸基团,因此在加入孔雀绿试剂前,必须将该反应与具有(焦)磷酸酶活性的酶偶联,以生成游离的无机磷酸盐。孔雀绿检测法具有高灵敏度和低成本的优点,已被广泛用于鉴定和表征那些在其反应过程中或在偶联酶存在下释放无机磷酸盐的酶的抑制剂和底物。该方法已广泛应用于解旋酶ATP酶活性的表征25,26,27, 以及CD73酶活性的研究,后者介导AMP降解为腺苷和无机磷酸盐28。此外,在偶联体系中,该方法还被用于发现靶向UDP-2,3-二酰基葡萄糖胺焦磷酸酶LpxH的抗生素药物,LpxH是大多数革兰氏阴性病原体中的一种必需酶29。在癌症研究领域,酶偶联方法已被广泛应用于NUDIX水解酶家族——一类核苷酸代谢酶——的底物表征30,31,32,以及药物和化学探针的鉴定与开发33,34,35,36

关于dNTP酶SAMHD1,该方法已在多项研究中得到应用。利用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)的外切多磷酸酶Ppx1作为偶联酶,该检测法被用于测试多种核苷酸类似物是否为SAMHD1的底物、激活剂或抑制剂,并由此鉴定出抗白血病药物氯法拉滨的三磷酸代谢产物是一种激活剂和底物6。此外,以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的无机焦磷酸酶作为偶联酶时,该方法已被用于针对SAMHD1筛选临床批准药物文库,以发现其抑制剂20。在我们的研究中,我们采用该方法证明了阿糖胞苷的活性代谢产物ara-CTP是SAMHD1的底物,但并非别构激活剂7,并进一步利用该检测法证实,若干可在SAMHD1依赖性方式下增强急性髓系白血病(AML)模型对阿糖胞苷敏感性的小分子化合物,并不直接抑制SAMHD1的活性18。在本报告中,我们将详细阐述这一多功能方法,并展示其在适用于高通量筛选的实验体系中,用于鉴定SAMHD1的抑制剂、激活剂和底物的可行性。

方案

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A schematic overview of the methods below is depicted in Figure 1 and a detailed list of materials and reagents is available in the Table of Materials.

1. Preparation of assay buffers.

  1. Preparation of stock buffers.
    NOTE: As the assay is sensitive to the detection of phosphates, which can be commonplace, rinse glassware three times with ultrapure or double-distilled water to avoid contamination. All buffers can be stored at room temperature (RT).
    1. Prepare 1 L of SAMHD1 reaction buffer (RB) stock solution (25 mM Tris-Acetate pH 8, 40 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2) by dissolving 4.5 g Tris Acetate, 2.3 g NaCl, and 0.2 g MgCl2, in approximately 800 mL of water before adjusting to pH 8 and final volume.
    2. Prepare 5 mL of 0.1 M TCEP stock solution by diluting 1 mL of 0.5 M TCEP into 4 mL of water.
    3. Prepare 50 mL of 11% Tween-20 stock solution by diluting 5 mL of 100% Tween-20 into 44.5 mL of water.
      NOTE: Tween-20 is light sensitive.
    4. Prepare 50 mL of 0.5 M EDTA stop solution by dissolving 9.3 g EDTA in approximately 40 mL of water before adjusting to pH 8 and final volume.
    5. Prepare Malachite Green (MG) stock solution (3.2 mM malachite green in H2SO4) by slowly adding 60 mL concentrated sulfuric acid to 300 mL water in a brown glass bottle. Cool the solution to RT and dissolve 0.44 g malachite green.
      CAUTION: The reaction of sulfuric acid with water is exothermic and so the bottle may heat up causing a build-up of pressure; ensure this pressure is released frequently.
      NOTE: The resulting orange solution is light sensitive (hence brown bottle) and stable for at least 1 year at RT. Precipitate may form over time, ensure only the supernatant is used.
    6. Prepare 50 mL of 7% ammonium molybdate stock solution by dissolving 3.75 g ammonium molybdate in 50 mL of water.
      ​NOTE: Precipitate may form over time, ensure only the supernatant is used.
  2. Preparation of complete assay buffers
    NOTE: This should be done on the day of the experiment
    1. Prepare complete SAMHD1 RB (25 mM Tris-Acetate pH 8, 40 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.3 mM TCEP, 0.005% Tween-20). Use previously prepared 11% Tween-20 and 0.1 M TCEP stocks to add these components at a final concentration of 0.005% for Tween-20 and 0.3 mM for TCEP to the SAMHD1 RB stock.
    2. Prepare EDTA stop solution (25 mM Tris-Acetate pH 8, 40 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.3 mM TCEP, 0.005% Tween-20, 7.9 mM EDTA). To complete SAMHD1 RB, use 0.5 M EDTA stock solution to add EDTA to a final concentration of 7.9 mM.
    3. Prepare MG working solution (2.5 mM malachite green, 1.4% ammonium molybdate, 0.18% Tween-20) by mixing 10 parts of MG stock solution with 2.5 parts of 7% ammonium molybdate and 0.2 parts of 11% Tween-20.

2. SAMHD1 inhibition assay and determination of compound IC50

NOTE: Final assay conditions are shown in Table 1.

  1. Preparation of compounds in assay plate
    NOTE: Small molecular weight compounds are typically dissolved in 100% DMSO and nucleotide analogues in water. Stock concentration ranges from 10 to 100 mM and is influenced by the potency and solubility of the compounds, together with the DMSO tolerance of the assay. Check that the final DMSO concentration in the reaction does not exceed 1% to ensure enzyme activities are not affected by this solvent. It is good practice to test the tolerance of the assay to the solvent prior to the experiment.
    1. Prepare serially diluted test compounds at 100x final concentration in the relevant solvent (e.g., 100% DMSO for small molecules or water for nucleotide analogues) in a clear round-bottomed polypropylene 96-well plate using either a multichannel pipette or automated liquid handling equipment.
      NOTE: Depending upon compound stability, dilution plates can be prepared in advance, sealed, and stored at -20 °C. Allow plates to equilibrate to RT before continuing the protocol.
    2. Using complete SAMHD1 RB, dilute compounds to 25x final concentration (to maintain the final solvent concentration below 1%) and transfer 5 µL to the appropriate wells of a clear 384-well flat-bottomed assay plate. Repeat the procedure with solvent-only control samples.
  2. Preparation of reaction components
    NOTE: This should be done on the day of the assay. Recombinant human SAMHD1 and E. coli pyrophosphatase (PPase) aliquots are stored long term at -80 °C diluted at 9.1 mg/mL and 23.0 mg/mL, respectively, in storage buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 2 mM TCEP). Once thawed, aliquots are stored short-term at -20 °C.
    1. Prepare enzyme (SAMHD1/PPase) master mix by diluting recombinant human SAMHD1 protein and recombinant PPase in complete SAMHD1 RB to 4x desired final concentration, thus 1.4 µM SAMHD1 and 50 U/mL PPase.
    2. Prepare activator/substrate dGTP by diluting dGTP stock (typically 10 or 100 mM in water) in complete SAMHD1 RB to 2x final concentration, thus 50 µM dGTP.
  3. Perform the assay
    NOTE: All assay components should be equilibrated to RT. Liquid additions can be performed with either a multichannel pipette or a bulk reagent liquid dispenser.
    1. To 384-well assay plate containing compound dilutions and solvent only controls, dispense 5 µL of SAMHD1/PPase master mix. To no enzyme control wells, dispense 5 µL of complete SAMHD1 RB. Pre-incubate enzyme and compounds for 10 min at RT.
    2. To all wells, dispense 10 µL of 2x dGTP solution to start the reaction.
    3. Incubate the reaction for 20 min at RT.
    4. Stop the reaction by dispensing 20 µL EDTA stop solution to all wells.
      NOTE: The experiment can be paused here if desired.
    5. Add 10 µL MG working solution to all wells.
      CAUTION: MG working solution contains sulfuric acid.
    6. Ensure mixing of well contents using an orbital microwell plate shaker and centrifugation at 1,000 x g for 1 min.
    7. Incubate the plate for 20 min at RT.
    8. Read the absorption at 630 nm wavelength in a microwell plate reader.
  4. Data visualization and analysis
    1. Calculate the average and standard deviation of the positive and negative control wells (positive, complete reaction with solvent; negative, dGTP alone with solvent). Calculate Z-factor37 as an indicator of assay quality.
    2. Normalize each absorbance value to the mean values of the positive and negative controls, setting the positive control as 100% SAMHD1 activity and the negative control as 0% SAMHD1 activity.
    3. Plot SAMHD1 activity (%) as a function of compound concentration and fit a four-parameter variable slope dose-response curve, allowing determination of compound IC50.

3. SAMHD1 activator and substrate screen

NOTE: Final assay conditions are shown in Table 2. Recombinant SAMHD1 and PPase aliquots are stored long term at -80 °C diluted at 9.1 mg/mL and 23.0 mg/mL, respectively, in storage buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 2 mM TCEP) at -80 °C. Once thawed, aliquots are stored short term at -20 °C.

  1. Preparation of nucleotide analogues in assay plate
    1. Dilute nucleotide analogue stocks (typically 10 or 100 mM in water) to 4x final concentration in complete SAMHD1 RB, in our case 800 µM nucleotide analogue, and transfer 5 µL to the appropriate wells of a 384-well assay plate.
  2. Preparation of reaction components
    NOTE: This should be done on the day of the assay
    1. Prepare enzyme (SAMHD1/PPase) master mix by diluting recombinant human SAMHD1 protein and recombinant E. coli PPase in complete SAMHD1 RB to 2x desired final concentration, thus 0.7 µM SAMHD1 and 25 U/mL PPase.
    2. Prepare PPase alone solution by diluting recombinant E. coli PPase in complete SAMHD1 RB to 2x desired final concentration, thus 25 U/mL PPase.
    3. Prepare activators GTP (AS1) and dGTPαS (AS1 and AS2) diluting stock (typically 10 or 100 mM in water) in complete SAMHD1 RB to 4x final concentration, thus 50 µM GTP or dGTPαS.
  3. Perform the assay
    NOTE: All assay components should be equilibrated to RT. Liquid additions can be performed with either a multichannel pipette or a bulk reagent liquid dispenser.
    1. To 384-well assay plate containing nucleotide analogues, dispense 5 µL of the activator (either GTP or dGTPαS) or complete SAMHD1 RB to the appropriate wells.
    2. Start the reaction by dispensing 10 µL of SAMHD1/PPase master mix, PPase alone, or complete SAMHD1 RB to the appropriate wells.
    3. Incubate the reaction for 20 min at RT.
    4. Stop the reaction by dispensing 20 µL EDTA stop solution to all the wells.
      NOTE: The experiment can be paused here if desired.
    5. Add 10 µL MG working solution to all the wells.
      CAUTION: MG working solution contains sulfuric acid.
    6. Ensure mixing of well contents using an orbital microwell plate shaker and centrifugation at 1,000 x g for 1 min.
    7. Incubate the plate for 20 min at RT.
    8. Read the absorption at 630 nm wavelength in a microwell plate reader.
  4. Data visualization and analysis
    1. Calculate the average absorbance values for the PPase only reaction wells (negative control or background signal).
      NOTE: As a positive control of a SAMHD1 allosteric activator and substrate, dGTP can be included in the plate. In this case, you may use this condition to calculate Z-factor as an indicator of assay quality.
    2. Subtract the background value from the corresponding wells in the SAMHD1/PPase reactions.
    3. Plot corrected absorbance values for each nucleotide analogue with buffer, GTP, and dGTPαS conditions.

结果

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本方案中概述的步骤 图1 描述了利用酶偶联孔雀绿法检测小分子与dNTP酶SAMHD1相互作用的基本实验流程,该方法可通过多种方式加以调整,以探究不同的生化问题。在下文所述的代表性结果中,我们举例说明如何利用该方法测定小分子对SAMHD1的抑制特性,以及检测不同核苷酸类似物是否为该酶的底物和/或激活剂。

图2所示的结果阐明了该检测方法的几项核心原理。孔雀绿试剂可通过形成磷钼酸-孔雀绿复合物,实现对无机磷酸盐的比色检测,因此该方法可用于研究产物为磷酸盐的酶促反应。为展示该方法对游离无机磷酸盐的检测灵敏度,图2A显示了在与孔雀绿试剂孵育20分钟后,随着Na3PO4浓度增加所获得的吸光度值。尽管信号在0.25 mM Na3PO4时达到饱和,但磷酸盐的线性检测范围可见于0.004至0.03 mM之间(图2A,右图),这与其他研究报道的结果一致,即使用孔雀绿法检测磷酸盐时,其线性范围可达10–20 μM38

SAMHD1 是一种 dNTP 酶,水解 dNTP 分子时会释放无机三磷酸盐,因此为了通过孔雀绿试剂检测游离的无机磷酸盐,需要使用偶联酶。大肠杆菌(E. coli)来源的无机焦磷酸酶(PPase)已被证明适用于此目的,不仅可用于 SAMHD17,20,也适用于其他核苷酸代谢酶30,33,35。此外,SAMHD1 以同源四聚体形式存在时才具有 dNTP 酶活性,这一过程需要 (d)NTP 的变构激活,即在 AS1 位点结合鸟嘌呤三磷酸盐(GTP 或 dGTP),在 AS2 位点结合任意 dNTP。随后,催化位点暴露,可结合底物并启动酶促反应。由于 dGTP 可同时满足 AS1 和 AS2 位点的结合需求,并且本身也是底物,因此在抑制实验中使用该核苷酸可大大简化操作流程。图 2B 展示了实现可检测 SAMHD1 活性(以 630 nm 处吸光度升高为指标)所需的不同实验组分。单独存在 SAMHD1 或 PPase 时,在 dGTP 存在下均无法生成无机磷酸盐,这与这两种酶已知的活性特征一致。然而,当所有实验组分(SAMHD1、PPase 及 dGTP 激活剂/底物)均存在时,可观察到信号显著增强。本示例中的 Z 因子37(以“无酶 + dGTP”为阴性对照,“SAMHD1/PPase + dGTP”为阳性对照)为 0.74,表明该检测方法具有良好的稳健性。

酶偶联的SAMHD1活性检测方法的一个潜在应用是通过高通量筛选(HTS)鉴定抑制剂。因此,在本报告中,我们利用文献中已有描述的多种化合物验证了该检测方法对SAMHD1抑制作用的检测能力。Seamon等采用与本研究相似的检测方法,评估了经典核苷对SAMHD1的剂量依赖性抑制作用,发现脱氧鸟苷(dGuo)是唯一能够显著抑制SAMHD1的经典核苷,其IC₅₀50 488 µM 的值20采用直接b4NPP检测法对经FDA批准的药物进行高通量筛选,发现多个在微摩尔浓度下抑制SAMHD1活性的化合物,其中lomofungin对SAMHD1 dNTP酶活性的抑制作用最强 体外,表现出 IC50 在以dGTP为底物进行测定时,其值为20.1 µM21此外,使用MDCC-PBP传感器以及与Ppx活性偶联的SAMHD1检测方法发现,四种α,β-亚氨基-dNTP类似物也是SAMHD1的竞争性抑制剂,结果显示这些dNMPNPP类似物的抑制常数处于低微摩尔/高纳摩尔范围6,22因此,为了证明酶偶联的SAMHD1活性检测法可用于鉴定SAMHD1抑制剂,采用了dGuo、lomofungin和2'-脱氧胸苷-5'-[(α,β)-亚氨基]三磷酸(dTMPNPP)来验证该技术。 图3A 展示了这些化合物获得的剂量-反应曲线,表明随着浓度增加,可有效抑制 SAMHD1 活性。平均 IC50 从三次独立实验中获得的这些分子的数值(±标准差)如下:dGuo = 361.9 ± 72.8 µM,lomofungin = 6.78 ± 3.9 µM,dTMPNPP = 2.10 ± 0.9 µM。作为阴性结果的一个示例,还测定了羟基脲(HU)对SAMHD1活性的影响。HU是核糖核苷酸还原酶的抑制剂,尽管它在多种急性髓系白血病(AML)模型中可限制SAMHD1的ara-CTP酶活性,但研究表明HU对SAMHD1的作用是间接的,依赖于干扰SAMHD1的别构调节。18HU 的剂量反应曲线如图所示 图3B,且随着HU剂量的增加,SAMHD1活性未发生改变,表明HU并不抑制SAMHD1活性 体外.

酶偶联的SAMHD1活性测定法的另一个用途是验证核苷酸及其类似物是否为该酶的底物和/或别构激活剂,如图4所示。在本实验中,测试了标准核苷酸以及多种抗癌核苷类似物的活性代谢产物(如阿糖胞苷三磷酸(ara-CTP)、克拉屈滨三磷酸(Cl-F-ara-ATP)和吉西他滨三磷酸(dF-dCTP))作为SAMHD1的底物和激活剂的能力。由于SAMHD1具有复杂的别构调控机制,反应在存在GTP(作为AS1激活剂)或不可水解的dGTP类似物2'-脱氧鸟苷-5'-(α-硫代)-三磷酸(dGTPαS)的条件下进行,后者可同时占据AS1和AS2位点。若在测试的核苷酸类似物和GTP存在下观察到SAMHD1活性,则表明该核苷酸能够结合至第二别构位点和催化位点(即为AS2激活剂和底物);而若在核苷酸类似物和dGTPαS共存时检测到SAMHD1活性,则说明该核苷酸仅能占据催化位点(即仅为底物)。如果某核苷酸能够同时结合AS1和AS2别构位点以及催化位点,则仅在该核苷酸单独存在时即可激活SAMHD1,dGTP即为此类情况。结果显示,所有标准脱氧核糖核苷三磷酸(dNTPs)均能结合AS2位点和催化位点。对于核苷酸类似物而言,克拉屈滨三磷酸既是AS2激活剂又是底物,而阿糖胞苷三磷酸仅能占据催化位点。另一方面,吉西他滨三磷酸未观察到任何活性,提示在本实验条件下其无法作为别构效应物或底物发挥作用。尽管该结果与先前的预测一致9,但后续的晶体结构和动力学研究10表明,吉西他滨三磷酸实际上能够结合SAMHD1的催化口袋,并确实是该酶的底物。然而,在后一研究中10,作者发现其水解速率显著低于其他已知底物(如阿糖胞苷三磷酸),这解释了为何在本筛选体系中未能检测到其活性。

综上所述,这些代表性结果验证了酶偶联的 SAMHD1 活性检测法可作为一种可靠的技术,用于鉴定和表征 SAMHD1 抑制剂、变构调节剂以及底物。然而,与所有实验方法一样,该方法也存在一定的局限性,因此应采用正交检测方法(例如使用不同的检测技术)进一步验证所得结果。

使用 SAMHD1、PPase 和孔雀绿分析法在 384 孔板中进行酶抑制实验的工作流程。
图 1:本文所述实验方案的示意图。 请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。

吸收值与 Na3PO4 浓度关系图;SAMHD1 酶活性检测结果;蛋白质分析。
图 2:酶偶联法 SAMHD1 活性检测。A)孔雀绿法测定中的 Na3PO4 标准曲线。将 Na3PO4 从 1 mM 至 0.004 mM 进行连续两倍稀释,每组设三个重复,与孔雀绿试剂孵育 20 分钟。左侧图显示了所测试浓度范围内的原始吸光度值,右侧图为线性范围。图示为两次独立实验的代表性结果。(B)酶偶联活性检测方法的验证。在有或无激活剂/底物 dGTP(25 µM)存在的条件下,将 SAMHD1(0.35 µM)和/或焦磷酸酶(PPase,12.5 U/mL)在酶偶联活性检测体系中孵育 20 分钟。图中显示了两次独立实验中一次的四重复结果,原始吸光度值以柱状图表示,误差线代表均值和标准差。请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

使用 dTMPNPP、Lomofungin、dGuo 和 HU 进行化合物活性分析的剂量-反应曲线图
图 3:通过酶偶联活性检测评估化合物对 SAMHD1 的抑制作用。 在酶偶联的 SAMHD1 活性检测中,Lomofungin(0.78–100 µM)、2'-脱氧胸苷-5'-[(α,β)-亚氨基]三磷酸(dTMPNPP,0.01–100 µM)和脱氧鸟苷(dGuo,10–1,500 µM)(A)或羟基脲(HU)(0.78–100 µM)(B)的剂量反应曲线,以 dGTP(25 µM)作为激活剂/底物。相对于对照反应的活性百分比(DMSO + SAMHD1/PPase + dGTP = 100% 活性,DMSO + dGTP = 0% 活性)绘制于图中,显示了三个独立实验中具有代表性的一次结果。请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

生化分析中显示核苷酸吸收的柱状图,A<sub>630</sub> 与缓冲液/GTP/dGTPαS 的比较。
图 4:在酶偶联活性检测中评估核苷酸类似物作为 SAMHD1 变构激活剂和底物的作用。 在存在或不存在 GTP 或不可水解的 dGTP 类似物 dGTPαS(12.5 µM)的条件下,于酶偶联的 SAMHD1 活性检测中测试了标准核苷酸以及抗癌药物阿糖胞苷(ara-CTP)、克拉屈滨(Cl-F-ara-ATP)和吉西他滨(dF-dCTP)的选定三磷酸代谢物(浓度均为 200 µM)。绘制了各个实验重复组的归一化吸光度值,图中显示均值和标准差。本图代表两次独立实验的结果,改编自我们之前的研究7请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。

步骤试剂加样体积 (µL)终反应体积 (µL)加样浓度反应中稀释倍数反应中终浓度
1抑制剂5200.4 mM40.1 mM
2SAMHD1+PPase 混合液51.4 µM SAMHD1, 50 U/mL PPase40.35 µM SAMHD1, 12.5 U/mL Ppase
3dGTP1050  µM225 µM
4孵育 20 分钟
5EDTA 溶液20407.9 mM23.95 mM
6MG 试剂10502.5 mM 孔雀绿, 64.4 mM 钼酸铵, 0.18% Tween-2050.5 mM 孔雀绿, 12.9 mM 钼酸铵, 0.036% Tween-20
7孵育 20 分钟
8在 630 nm 处读数

表1:用于抑制剂筛选的酶偶联测定中最终条件的汇总。

步骤试剂加入体积 (µL)最终反应体积 (µL)加入浓度反应中稀释倍数反应中终浓度
1别构调节剂520800 µM4200 µM
2GTP 或 dGTPαS550 µM412.5 µM
3SAMHD1 和/或 PPase100.7 µM SAMHD1, 25 U/mL PPase20.35 µM SAMHD1, 12.5 U/mL PPase
4孵育 20 分钟
5EDTA 溶液20407.9 mM23.95 mM
6MG 试剂10502.5 mM 孔雀绿, 64.4 mM 钼酸铵, 0.18% Tween-2050.5 mM 孔雀绿, 12.9 mM 钼酸铵, 0.036% Tween-20
7孵育 20 分钟
8在 630 nm 处读数

表2:变构调节剂筛选中酶偶联测定最终条件汇总

讨论

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本文详细介绍了一种基于酶偶联反应的活性检测方法,该方法是一种适用于高通量筛选的比色法,可用于间接测定SAMHD1对dNTP的水解活性。该方法利用了大肠杆菌(E. coli)来源的无机焦磷酸酶(inorganic PPase)的特性:当其在反应体系中过量存在时,可将SAMHD1生成的每一分子无机三磷酸转化为三个游离的无机磷酸分子,随后使用简单且经济的孔雀绿试剂(malachite green reagent)对磷酸进行定量检测。我们以384微孔板的形式提供该检测方案,非常适合化合物文库的筛选,并展示了该技术在SAMHD1抑制剂、激活剂及底物的鉴定与表征中的适用性和多功能性。

与所有情况一样 体外 生化筛选实验,存在多个关键步骤和重要注意事项,其中许多内容在免费提供的资料中已有深入讨论 实验指南手册39纯化的重组酶(包括SAMHD1和偶联酶无机焦磷酸酶)的完整性至关重要,应在建立检测方法前予以确认。因此,每次新制备的酶纯化物都应进行一定程度的批次检测,因为批间差异可能导致实验结果不一致。理想情况下,应使用正交的直接检测方法(如HPLC),该方法可同时检测底物和反应产物,以验证所用纯化重组SAMHD1的dNTP三磷酸水解酶活性。

关于本实验方法的局限性,最主要的一点是其以间接方式检测SAMHD1的dNTP酶活性,依赖于无机焦磷酸酶(PPase)的活性,这带来若干影响。必须确认PPase对本实验中所用核苷酸基本无活性,同样也需确认所鉴定出的抑制性小分子对PPase无作用。因此,在筛选过程中,针对PPase的反向筛选可能是重要的考虑因素。由于反应体系中存在PPase,使用正交实验方法验证研究结果尤为关键。关于直接活性检测方法,目前已报道多种,包括薄层色谱法(TLC)9,20,23 和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)9,21,这些方法可准确检测底物消耗和产物生成。此外,另一种高通量的b4NPP实验方法21也可用于测试潜在抑制剂;但该方法不适合测试底物或别构激活剂。我们此前已在SAMHD1研究中报道过差示扫描荧光法(DSF)等生物物理检测方法18,这类方法在配体的识别与表征方面也具有强大能力。本实验方法的另一局限性在于,如本实验设置中用于识别底物和激活剂的情况,使用了不可水解的dGTP类似物dGTPαS作为AS1和AS2位点的激活剂。虽然这可在实验中实现SAMHD1的激活而无明显酶活性干扰,但dGTPαS本身是SAMHD1的竞争性抑制剂,因此高浓度使用将导致酶失活。随着对SAMHD1认知的深入,未来的研究可采用仅特异性占据SAMHD1各结合位点的分子,从而避免这一潜在问题。

正如我们在此展示的,该方法具有广泛的适用性,可用于解决多种生物化学问题。我们描述了该检测方法的两种变体:一种用于鉴定SAMHD1的变构调节剂和底物,另一种用于表征抑制剂,但该方法还可进一步调整优化。针对潜在抑制剂的研究,由于该检测基于微孔板平台,因此非常适合后续的作用机制研究39,40。同样,在对底物和变构调节剂进行进一步表征时,该技术可用于测定催化反应的动力学参数,正如我们对阿糖胞苷和氯法拉滨的活性代谢产物所进行的分析7。然而,该方法的一个局限在于,本文报道的酶偶联检测属于终点检测,因此尽管适用于筛选实验,但在某些机制研究中,连续检测方法将更具优势。Arnold等人报道了一种利用生物传感器MDCC-PBP的连续酶偶联检测法6,该方法依赖于用香豆素马来酰亚胺(MDCC)荧光基团标记的周质磷酸结合蛋白(PBP),该蛋白可结合游离磷酸基团。MDCC-PBP具有极高的灵敏度,能够定量极低浓度的磷酸盐,其传感器响应时间可达毫秒至秒级。

SAMHD1 在人类健康与疾病中发挥着多种重要功能2,其中许多功能可能与其在维持细胞内 dNTP 水平方面的核心作用相关1。因此,开发一种针对 SAMHD1 dNTP 酶活性的高质量化学探针,将是明确这些关联的有力工具,而本文所报道的酶偶联检测方法可被直接用于此类探针的筛选。此外,基于核苷的药物是一类多样且重要的治疗药物,其中许多药物的活性受到 SAMHD1 的调控41;通过进一步开发这些化学探针,有望在临床环境中靶向 SAMHD1,从而增强这些疗法的疗效。同时,全面理解这些基于核苷的化合物与 SAMHD1 之间的相互作用也至关重要,而这一问题同样可通过本酶偶联检测方法加以研究。综上所述,本文所报道的 SAMHD1 酶活性偶联检测法是一种低成本、多功能且适用于高通量筛选的检测手段,可用于进一步深化对这一重要酶功能的理解。

披露

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作者无任何利益冲突需要披露。

致谢

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感谢 Thomas Lundbäck 以及 Thomas Helleday 实验室成员提供的建议与支持。本研究的部分工作得益于卡罗林斯卡学院/SciLifeLab 蛋白质科学设施(http://ki.se/psf)的支持。我们感谢美国国家癌症研究所(NCI)、癌症治疗与诊断部(DCTD)以及开发治疗项目(DTP)(http://dtp.cancer.gov)提供化合物。本研究由瑞典研究理事会(2018-02114)、瑞典癌症协会(19-0056-JIA,20-0879-PJ)、瑞典儿童癌症基金会(PR2019-0014)以及卡罗林斯卡学院向 S.G.R. 提供的资助支持。

材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
2'-脱氧腺苷-5'-三磷酸(dATP)Jena bioscienceNU-1001SAMHD1激活剂/底物检测中测试的化合物
2'-脱氧胞苷-5'-三磷酸(dCTP)Jena bioscienceNU-1002SAMHD1激活剂/底物检测中测试的化合物
2'-脱氧鸟苷-5'-(α-硫代)-三磷酸(dGTPαS)Jena bioscienceNU-424SAMHD1激活剂/底物检测中使用的不可水解dGTP类似物
2'-脱氧鸟苷-5'-三磷酸(dGTP)GE Healthcare27-1870-04在抑制检测和激活剂/底物检测中使用的SAMHD1变构激活剂和底物
2'-脱氧胸苷-5'-[(α,β)-亚氨基]三磷酸(dTMPNPP)Jena bioscienceNU-907-1SAMHD1抑制检测中测试的化合物
2'-脱氧胸苷-5'-三磷酸(dTTP)Jena bioscienceNU-1004SAMHD1激活剂/底物检测中测试的化合物
2'-脱氧鸟苷一水合物(dGuo)Sigma-AldrichD0901SAMHD1抑制检测中测试的化合物
384孔透明平底微孔板 Thermo Fisher Scientific262160检测用微孔板
96孔透明U型底聚丙烯微孔板 Thermo Fisher Scientific267245化合物稀释板
四水合七钼酸铵Sigma-AldrichA1343孔雀绿工作试剂所需试剂
阿糖胞苷-5'-三磷酸(ara-CTP)Jena bioscienceNU-1170SAMHD1激活剂/底物检测中测试的化合物
氯法拉滨-5'-三磷酸(Cl-F-ara-ATP)Jena bioscienceNU-874SAMHD1激活剂/底物检测中测试的化合物
二甲基亚砜(DMSO)VWR23486.297溶剂
乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐二水合物(EDTA)Sigma-AldrichE5134EDTA终止液组分
吉西他滨-5'-三磷酸(dF-dCTP)Jena bioscienceNU-1607SAMHD1激活剂/底物检测中测试的化合物
GraphPad PrismGraphPad SoftwarePrism 8数据分析与可视化
鸟苷5′-三磷酸(GTP)钠盐水合物Sigma-AldrichG8877SAMHD1激活剂/底物检测中的变构激活剂
带His标签的大肠杆菌无机焦磷酸酶 (PPase)由卡罗林斯卡研究所蛋白质科学中心内部制备-重组PPase蛋白,可将无机三磷酸盐和焦磷酸盐水解为正磷酸盐,以便与孔雀绿形成复合物
带His标签的人源SAMHD1由卡罗林斯卡研究所蛋白质科学中心内部制备-重组SAMHD1蛋白,可将脱氧核苷三磷酸(dNTPs)水解为其对应的核苷和无机三磷酸
羟基脲Sigma-AldrichH8627SAMHD1抑制检测中测试的化合物
洛莫菌素美国国家癌症研究所(NCI)/癌症治疗与诊断部(DCTD)/开发治疗项目(DTP)NSC106995SAMHD1抑制检测中测试的化合物
六水合氯化镁(MgCl2Sigma-AldrichM2670SAMHD1反应缓冲液组分
孔雀绿卡宾醇盐酸盐Sigma-Aldrich213020孔雀绿储备液组分
微孔板读板仪HidexHidex Sense Microplate reader数据采集,于630 nm波长处读取吸光度
氯化钠(NaCl)Sigma-Aldrich31434SAMHD1反应缓冲液组分
氢氧化钠(NaOH)Sigma-Aldrich567530SAMHD1反应缓冲液组分
磷酸钠(Na3PO4Sigma-Aldrich342483磷酸盐标准曲线所需试剂
95-97%硫酸Sigma-Aldrich84720孔雀绿储备液组分
Tris-乙酸盐Sigma-AldrichT1258SAMHD1反应缓冲液组分
三(2-羧乙基)膦盐酸盐(TCEP)Sigma-AldrichC4706SAMHD1反应缓冲液组分
Tween-20Sigma-AldrichP1379SAMHD1反应缓冲液和孔雀绿工作试剂组分

参考文献

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