Proximity Ligation Assay Allows the Detection, Localization, and Quantification of Protein Arginine Methylation in Fixed Tissue

摘要

Proximity ligation assay is a very useful technique to localize and quantify arginine methylation of a given protein when the modified arginine residue is unknown and/or if no specific antibody is available.

摘要

Arginine methylation is emerging as a key post-translational modification involved in a large range of biological processes. Its study in tissue is often limited by the lack of a specific antibody recognizing the target arginine residue. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) was originally developed to study protein/protein interactions. Here, we describe in detail a PLA protocol dedicated to the detection of arginine methylation that we applied to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Having previously shown that PRMT5 dimethylates GRs in cells, we used PLA with a pan symmetrical dimethyl antibody and an anti-GR antibody to measure GR methylation in breast tumors. We demonstrate that PLA offers a unique approach to measure arginine methylation of a target protein, even when the site of methylation has not been identified. This technique could be extended to other post-translational modifications where effective pan antibodies are available. Hence, we detail the PLA technology used to detect arginine methylation in fixed tissue using GR as an example.

引言

Arginine methylation by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) is an abundant post-translational modification (PTM) involved in numerous biological processes. PRMTs catalyze the transfer of methyl groups from the S-adenosyl methionine to arginine residues. The PRMT family comprises nine members classified according to the type of methylation they perform. All members perform monomethylation (MMA). Type 1 (PRMT1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8) PRMTs catalyze asymmetrical dimethylation (ADMA), whereas type 2 (PRMT5 and 9) catalyze symmetrical dimethylation (SDMA), and type 3 (PRMT7) only generate MMA¹. By methylating numerous substrates, the different PRMTs regulate a wide variety of important cellular processes such as DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, immune response, RNA processing, and signal transduction^2,3. This is particularly true for steroid hormone signaling, where PRMTs modify the activity of steroid receptors by methylating not only the receptors themselves but also their regulators or histones².

Arginine methylation is largely studied in cancer, as the majority of PRMTs were shown to be overexpressed in cancer in comparison with normal tissues, and their expression is often associated with poor prognosis^4,5. Detection of arginine methylation in vivo is essential in understanding cellular functions associated with this modification. This is conventionally achieved by conducting immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a specific antibody recognizing the methylated arginine residue. However, this method is very limited as it is based on the identification of the modified arginine residue and relies on the efficacy of the antibody used. In situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) was initially developed to study protein/protein interactions in fixed cells or tissues⁶. Interestingly, this technology can also be used to detect PTMs using a pan antibody against the modification of interest, as well as an antibody recognizing the targeted protein. Our team previously adapted this technique to study estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) methylation, using an anti-ERα antibody and an antibody specifically recognizing the methylation site on arginine 260⁷. Of note, this technique can be extended to antibodies recognizing a special type of methylation even when the methylated residue is unknown. Indeed, several companies supply pan antibodies specifically recognizing MMA, ADMA, or SDMA that can be successfully used to study protein methylation in vivo.

Here, as a proof-of-concept, we present a detailed analysis of GR methylation using SDMA antibody in human breast tumors from experimental design to data analysis.

方案

Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the Cancer Research Center of Lyon.

1. Choice of the antibodies

1. Use primary antibodies validated by IHC or immunofluorescence (IF).
   ​NOTE: The primary antibodies selected for the study are crucial to the success of PLA and more particularly in fixed tissue. Using an antibody validated by IHC or IF will increase the success rate of the experiment. Optimization and specificity of antibodies are required before conducting experiments, ideally by performing control experiments in cells invalidated for the expression of the protein of interest and using an inhibitor specific to the enzymatic activity of the methyltransferase involved. Here the conditions have previously been optimized¹⁰.

2. Paraffin-embedded cell line pellet preparation

NOTE: The samples are embedded in a gel and then placed in an automated tissue processor for sample dehydration and paraffin embedding.

1. Prepare the cell pellet in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube using trypsin dissociation.
   NOTE: Do not scrape to harvest cells.
2. Resuspend the cell pellet in 1.5 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
3. Centrifuge the cells at room temperature (RT) at 200 x g. Aspirate the PBS supernatant.
4. Resuspend the pellet in 1 mL of 4% formalin and store the tubes at 4 °C for 3 h.
5. Wash the cells in 1X Tris-buffered-saline (TBS).
   NOTE: Do not use a phosphate-based solution as it depolymerizes the gel.
6. Add 1 mL of TBS and homogenize for 30 s by vortexing. Centrifuge for 5 min at 200 x g and remove the supernatant.
7. Repeat steps 2.5 to 2.7 twice.
8. Perform inclusion of the tissue in the automated tissue processor following the specific program:
   Formalin         1 h      37 °C
   Distilled water 2 min  RT
   EtOH 70%    40 min  45 °C
   EtOH 80%    40 min  45 °C
   EtOH 95%    40 min  45 °C
   EtOH 100%  40 min  45 °C
   EtOH 100%  40 min  45 °C
   EtOH 100%  40 min  45 °C
   Xylene          40 min  45 °C
   Xylene          40 min  45 °C
   Xylene          40 min  45 °C
   Paraffin          1 h       60 °C
   Paraffin          1 h       60 °C
   Paraffin          1 h 30 min  60 °C

3. Tissue fixation and slide preparation

1. Fix the tissues in 4% formalin for 24 h before inclusion.
2. Cut 3 μm thick serial sections of the blocks containing tissues with a microtome.
3. Conduct deparaffinization with the autostainer by sequentially incubating slides in xylene (10 min) twice, 100% ethanol (5 min), 95% ethanol (5 min), and water (5 min).
4. Perform heat-induced epitope retrieval in 10 mM citrate buffer using a water bath at 98 °C for 40 min at the appropriate pH (usually 6-9).
   NOTE: The two antibodies have to work at the same pH for the method to be successful. Several tests were performed before establishing the optimal pH used herein. The antibodies used in this study are SDMA antibody and the GR antibody.
5. Let the slides cool for 20 min, then wash them in 1x PBS for 20 min.

4. IHC experiment

NOTE: IHC experiments are performed using the Discovery XT research instrument (Table of Materials) for automation and reproducibility.

1. To avoid peroxidase quenching, use the inhibitor included in the diaminobenzidine (DAB) kit.
2. Incubate the slides with the two primary antibodies diluted in the antibody diluent for 60 min.
3. Incubate the slides with the secondary anti-rabbit horse radish peroxidase (HRP) antibody for 16 min or the anti-mouse antibody for 30 min.
   NOTE: It is recommended to use a commercial diaminobenzidine (DAB) kit (Table of Materials) for IHC detection.
4. Apply hematoxylin (100 µL/slide for 8 min) and bluing (100 µL/slide for 4 min) to the samples to stain the nuclei.
5. Wash the slides in warm soapy water, then dehydrate using an autostainer and mount on an automated cover slipper using a mounting medium.

5. Proximity ligation assay reactions

NOTE: All of the reagents used are included in the PLA kits (Table of Materials). It is recommended to use 40 μL of reagent for 1 cm² of tissue. All of the incubations need to be performed in a humid environment to prevent excessive evaporation. Do not allow the sample to dry out, as this may lead to background noise. It is recommended to use 1x buffer A (in situ wash buffer, Table of Materials) for the washes in the jars. There should be a minimum volume of 70 mL in the jars when incubating samples under agitation. Samples should be kept at RT before use.

1. Peroxidase quenching
   1. Delimit the reaction area using a hydrophobic pen to prevent excessive evaporation of the solution during the experiment. Add one drop of hydrogen peroxide solution per 1 cm² of each sample. Incubate for 5 min at RT.
      NOTE: It is recommended to optimize the incubation time according to the samples/antibodies used.
2. Blocking
   1. Gently drip buffer A onto the samples and wash in buffer A at 50 rpm under agitation for 5 min at RT.
   2. Tap off the remaining buffer A and add one drop per 1 cm² of blocking solution (included in the PLA kit). Incubate for 30 min at 37 °C.
3. Primary antibody incubation
   1. Dilute the two primary antibodies at suitable concentrations in the antibody diluent.
   2. Remove the blocking solution from the slides and immediately add the primary antibody solution (included in the PLA kit). Incubate for 1 h in a humidity chamber at 37 °C.
4. PLA probe incubation
   1. Dilute the PLA probe PLUS (1:5) with PLA probe minus (1:5) in the antibody diluent.
      NOTE: It is recommended to use 8 µL of PLA probe minus stock (5x), 8 µL of PLA probe plus stock (5x), and 24 µL of antibody diluent for a 40 µL reaction.
   2. Gently drip buffer A onto the samples and wash in buffer A at 50 rpm for 5 min at RT.
   3. Tap off the remaining buffer A and apply the PLA probe solution (included in the PLA kit) to the samples. Incubate for 1 h at 37 °C.
5. Ligation
   1. Thaw the ligation buffer (included in the PLA kit) prior to the following steps.
   2. Gently drip buffer A onto the samples and wash in buffer A at 50 rpm for 5 min at RT.
   3. Dilute the 5x ligation buffer (1:5) (included in the PLA kit) in high-purity water. Add the ligase (1:40) (included in the PLA kit) immediately before adding it to the sample.
      NOTE: It is recommended to add 8 µL of the 5x ligation buffer to 31 µL of high purity water for a 40 µL reaction. Then add 1 µL of ligase.
   4. Tap off the remaining buffer A and apply the ligase solution to the samples. Incubate for 30 min at 37 °C.
6. Amplification
   1. Thaw the amplification buffer prior to the following steps.
   2. Gently drip buffer A onto the samples and wash in buffer A at 50 rpm for 2 min at RT.
   3. Dilute the 5x amplification buffer (1:5) (included in the PLA kit) in high-purity water. Add the polymerase (1:80) (included in the PLA kit) immediately before gently dripping it onto the sample.
      NOTE: It is recommended to add 8 µL of the 5x ligation buffer to 31.5 µL of high purity water for a 40 µL reaction. Then add 0.5 µL of ligase.
   4. Tap off the remaining buffer A and apply the amplification solution to the samples. Incubate for 2 h at 37 °C.
7. Detection
   1. Gently drip buffer A onto the samples and wash in buffer A at 50 rpm for 2 min at RT.
   2. Dilute the 5x detection bright-field buffer (1:5) (included in the PLA kit) in high-purity water.
      NOTE: It is recommended to add 8 µL of the 5x detection buffer to 32 µL of high purity water for a 40 µL reaction.
   3. Tap off the remaining buffer A and apply the detection solution to the samples. Incubate for 1 h at RT.
8. Substrate development
   1. Gently drip buffer A onto the samples and wash in buffer A at 50 rpm for 2 min at RT.
   2. Dilute the substrate solution by diluting the substrate reagents A (1:70), B (1:100), C (1:100), and D (1:50) (included in the PLA kit) in high purity water.
      NOTE: It is recommended to add 0.6 µL of substrate A, 0.4 µL of substrate B, 0.4 µL of substrate C, and 0.8 µL of substrate D in 37.8 µL of high purity water for a 40 µL reaction.
   3. Tap off the remaining buffer A and apply the amplification solution to the samples. Incubate for 10 min at RT.
9. Nuclear staining
   1. Gently drip distilled water onto the samples and wash in distilled water at 50 rpm for 2 min at RT.
   2. Tap off the remaining distilled water. Add one drop of nuclear stain (included in the PLA kit) to each 1 cm² sample and incubate for 2 min at RT.
   3. Rinse the slides under running tap water for 10 min to let the stain mature and obtain a blue coloration. Do not use standing tap water.
10. Dehydration
    1. Incubate the slides in a solution containing 96% ethanol twice for 2 min. Then incubate the slides in a solution containing 99.7% ethanol twice for 2 min.
    2. Incubate the slides in xylene for 10 min. Then transfer the slides to fresh xylene.
11. Mounting of the slides
    1. Use a minimum volume of non-aqueous mounting medium and apply a coverslip on top of the sample, ensuring no air bubbles get caught under the coverslips.
    2. Let the slides dry before analyzing on a bright-field microscope.

6. Imaging for localization

1. Acquire images using an upright microscope.
   NOTE: In this study, imaging of slides was performed under an upright bright-field microscope (Table of Materials). Images were acquired under identical conditions at 40x magnification for at least 10 randomly chosen fields of view in an automated manner. It is recommended to analyze a minimum of 500 cells per condition.

7. Analysis for quantification

NOTE: Quantification of samples was performed using ImageJ software⁸. FIJI, an ImageJ distribution including ImageJ and other pre-installed plugins, was used for the subsequent analyses^9,10.

1. To determine the number of dots:
   1. Open the image.
   2. Perform Color Deconvolution. For this, click on Image > Colors > Color Deconvolution.
   3. Select image: - (color_1) in the filename.
   4. Use the Find Maxima command to determine the number of dots (Process > Find Maxima).
2. To determine the number of cells:
   1. Open the image.
   2. Perform Color Deconvolution. For this, click on Image > Colors > Color Deconvolution.
   3. Select image: - (color_1) in the file name.
   4. Find a threshold that shows the maximum number of nuclei. For this, click on Image > Brightness/Contrast > Threshold.
   5. Fill the holes by clicking on Process > Binary > Fill Holes.
   6. Use the watershed command to divide connected components into separate ones. Click on Process > Binary > Watershed.
   7. Analyze particles to determine the number of nuclei by clicking on Analyze > Analyze Particles.

结果

Using the procedure described above, it is possible to detect and quantify the methylation of a protein of interest. Here, we show the example of the methylation of GR by PRMT5. The antibodies and the experimental conditions for PLA were previously applied to cells¹⁰. Briefly, primary antibodies targeting GR and SDMA are recognized by proximity probes conjugated with complementary oligonucleotides. Then, the hybridization of a circular DNA probe occurs when the proteins are in close proximity. Sub...

讨论

Arginine methylation, like other PTMs, contributes to the fine regulation of protein functions. However, its impact is underestimated due to the difficulty in assessing these modifications, primarily because of a lack of tools. This is particularly true when studying methylation in vivo, where the only way to measure arginine methylation is to possess specific antibodies recognizing the methylated residue of the protein of interest. This clearly constitutes a limitation as the methylated arginine residue must be...

材料

本文使用的材料清单

姓名	公司	目录编号	评论
粘附载玻片 TOMO 90°， x100	VWR	631-1239
抗 GR 抗体（小鼠）	Santa Cruz	sc393232
抗 GR 抗体（小鼠）	santa cruz	sc393232
抗 PRMT5 抗体（兔）	Merck	07-405
抗 SDMA 抗体（兔）	CST	13222
Automate d'内含	Leica	ASP 6025	石蜡浸润和块制备
Autostainer XL	Leica	ST5010	Autostainer
Cassettes Q path macrostar III  x1500	VWR	720-2233
CC1 Roche		5279801001
柠檬酸盐缓冲液 pH 6 10x，100 mL	MMF	F/T0050
Dako 抗体稀释剂	Dako Agilent	S202230-2	抗体稀释剂
Discovery ChromoMap 二氨基联苯胺 （DAB） 试剂盒	Roche	760-159	二氨基联苯胺 （DAB） 试剂盒
Discovery Wash	Roche	7311079001
Duolink insitu PLA 探针抗小鼠 minus	Sigma-Aldrich	DUO92004	PLA  试剂盒（探针抗兔 minus）
Duolink 原位检测试剂明场	Sigma-Aldrich	DUO92012	PLA  试剂盒（原位检测试剂）
Duolink 原位 PLA 探针 anti-rabbit plus	Sigma-Aldrich	DUO92002	PLA  试剂盒（探针 anti-rabbit plus）
Duolink 原位洗涤缓冲液 明场	Sigma-Aldrich	DUO82047	PLA  试剂盒（原位洗涤缓冲液）
乙醇 96% VOL TECHNISOLV，5 L	VWR	83804.360
乙醇无水 ≥99.8%， AnalaR NORMAPUR ACS， 5 L	VWR	20821.365
EZ Prep 10x	Roche	5279771001
Formol，即用型，5 L	MMF	F/40877-36	福尔马林
全自动玻璃盖玻片		Leica CV5030	自动盖玻片
玻璃盖玻片 24 x 40	Dutscher	100037
Hematoxylin	Ventana	760-2021
IHC 仪器	Roche	DISCOVERY XT	IHC
自动化 LCS	Roche	5264839001
切片机	Thermo Scientific	Microm HM340E	切割组织，包括块状
封固培养基 Pertex	Histolab	00801-FR
PAP 笔，用于免疫染色	Sigma-Aldrich	Z672548-1EA
石蜡 tek III，4 x 2,5 kg	Sakura	4511
巴斯德一次性移液器	Fisher Scientific	12583237
PBS 缓冲液 10x，100 mL	MMF	F/T0020
反应缓冲液 10x	Roche	5353955001
Ribo 洗涤液 10x	Roche	5266262001
RiboCC1	Roche
抗小鼠二抗	Abcam	ab133469
二抗 OmniMap 抗兔 HRP	Roche	760-4311
组织包埋中心	MMF	EC 350
二甲苯（异构体混合物）≥98.5%，AnalaR NORMAPUR ACS，5 L	VWR	28975.360
蔡司 Axio Imager M2 显微镜			正置明场显微镜