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方法文章

穴位贴敷联合穴位按摩治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者便秘

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DOI:

10.3791/64900

2023年8月18日

* These authors contributed equally

本文内容

摘要

本文演示了穴位敷贴结合穴位按摩治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者便秘的方法。

摘要

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是老年患者中常见且高发的疾病,具有进行性加重的趋势。便秘是COPD患者常见的伴随症状,会降低生活质量并增加疾病风险。目前,西医治疗对此类患者的疗效尚不理想,且复发率较高。而中医在治疗慢性疾病方面历史悠久,经验丰富。穴位贴敷与穴位按摩均为中医特色疗法,具有不良反应小、安全性高、操作简便、优势显著等特点,在改善COPD患者便秘方面疗效确切,被认为是慢性便秘患者理想的替代疗法。本文旨在介绍穴位贴敷联合穴位按摩治疗COPD患者便秘的方法,包括穴位选择、所需物品、治疗时间及操作步骤。

引言

慢性呼吸系统疾病是全球第三大死因,而慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是慢性呼吸系统疾病死亡的首要原因,给个人和社会带来沉重负担1。中国是全球COPD患者人数最多的国家,约有9900万患者,患病率为8.6%2。便秘是COPD患者常见的并发症,且与多重用药密切相关3。有证据表明,超过39%的COPD患者存在便秘问题,且便秘与呼吸困难的严重程度、急性加重的时间以及COPD并发症呈正相关4。 目前高度怀疑便秘与慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)有关。AECOPD会加速COPD患者的疾病进展,并是COPD患者死亡的主要原因5。因此,现在亟需关注COPD患者便秘的治疗问题。

大多数患者通过自身管理便秘问题,主要采用饮食调整和泻药。研究表明,渗透性泻药通常是便秘患者的首选药物6。然而,药物使用有时并不能有效改善便秘症状,并可能伴随不良反应或耐受性差的问题。高达50%的便秘患者对其当前治疗方案的效果并不完全满意7,8。因此,有必要寻找具有良好疗效和高安全性的替代疗法。在慢性便秘的治疗中,穴位刺激疗法正逐渐显示出一定优势9。在中医整体观念、辨证论治及经络穴位理论的指导下,穴位贴敷和穴位按摩均通过刺激体表特定穴位来治疗疾病10,11。穴位贴敷可使药物经局部皮肤直接吸收,通过刺激穴位达到疏通经络、调和气血的目的,从而改善便秘症状10。穴位按摩则通过刺激骶神经,增加肠间质细胞数量,并通过激发肠道蠕动,调控节律性收缩或蠕动,进而调节排便功能12。大量药理学和临床研究已证实,Rheum officinale Baill 等中药在治疗便秘方面具有明确疗效13,14。本文展示了一例将穴位贴敷联合穴位按摩用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并便秘患者的治疗示范。

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方案

本临床研究方案已通过成都中医药大学附属医院呼吸内科临床研究审批委员会的审查与批准(记录编号:KY2022014)。

1. 手术前准备

  1. 物品准备:
    1. 准备大黄(Rheum officinale Baill)、生理盐水、碘伏棉签、医用胶带、医用纱布、医用弯盘、手部消毒剂和医用橡胶手套(材料表)。
    2. 使用超微粉碎机提前将100 g大黄(Rheum officinale Baill)粉碎成粉末,并密封于塑料袋中备用。
    3. 治疗前取15 g大黄(Rheum officinale Baill)粉末,加入15 mL生理盐水调制成药糊,置于弯盘中。
  2. 患者准备:
    1. 嘱患者提前排空膀胱。让患者仰卧,屈膝,全身放松,充分暴露腹部。
  3. 操作者准备:
    1. 关闭门窗,注意保护患者隐私,防止患者受凉。
    2. 在患者腹部定位神阙穴(RN8)及双侧天枢穴(ST25)10,评估患者穴位局部皮肤情况,确保所选穴位周围皮肤无破损或病变,且局部清洁干燥(图1图2)。
      ​注:神阙穴(RN8)位于脐部,肚脐中央。天枢穴(ST25)位于腹部,以患者拇指同身寸为基准,脐中旁开2寸(1寸约为3.33 cm,2寸约等于6.67 cm)15

2. 操作步骤

  1. 双手消毒后,用拇指 fingertip 按压患者腹部的神阙穴(RN8)及双侧天枢穴(ST25)。每个穴位按压50次,按压时应顺时针方向旋转拇指(图3)。
    1. 按压力度由轻渐重,约每秒1次,频率为30–60次/分钟,直至患者感到轻微酸胀感为止。若患者在操作过程中无法耐受,应立即停止操作。
  2. 双手掌互相摩擦至发热后,用手掌顺时针方向摩腹50次(图4)。按摩时由肚脐开始逐渐向外至最大范围圆周,再由外周圆周返回肚脐。
    注:所画圆周以肚脐为中心,半径为2寸,即半径约为6.67 cm。
    1. 确保按摩动作轻柔,力度不宜过重;按摩频率由慢渐快,保持平稳适中,约为30–50次/分钟。以腹部感觉微热为佳。若患者在操作过程中出现不适或不能耐受,应立即停止操作。
  3. 佩戴医用橡胶手套,使用碘伏棉签对患者局部穴位进行消毒。从医用弯盘中取出约3/4的已备药物,大致均分为三等份,分别捏成环状(直径×厚度约为3 cm × 0.5 cm),并分别置于医用纱布上。
  4. 用医用胶布将含药纱布分别固定于患者腹部的神阙穴(RN8)和天枢穴(ST25),6小时后取下。
  5. 穴位贴敷操作完成后,嘱患者穿着干净、透气的衣物。
    1. 嘱患者避免剧烈运动,以防药物脱落或药液外流;及时清除患者局部皮肤上的药物残留,并协助患者穿衣。
    2. 告知患者如局部皮肤出现瘙痒、灼热或疼痛感,切勿搔抓,应及时取下药物,并用生理盐水保持局部皮肤清洁。

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结果

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的诊断与治疗依据2023年发布的《慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议》进行16。便秘的诊断标准参照2022年中国医师协会外科医师分会、中华医学会外科学分会结直肠外科学组发布的《中国成人慢性便秘评估与管理临床实践指南》17。疗效评估基于患者在治疗前后填写的便秘症状患者评估量表(PAC-SYM)18。本研究选取一名符合纳入标准的便秘患者,该患者就诊于中国成都中医药大学附属医院呼吸内科,在获得患者知情同意后,仅采用穴位贴敷联合穴位按摩治疗便秘。治疗每日一次,于每日清晨5至7点之间进行,连续治疗1周。分别在治疗开始前和治疗结束后完成PAC-SYM评分。

根据患者完成的PAC-SYM评分,治疗前与治疗后的评分结果分别为18分和6分(表1)。结果表明,穴位贴敷联合穴位按摩可显著改善便秘症状。既往研究已证实,穴位贴敷和穴位按摩均可用于治疗便秘,具有副作用小、安全性高、疗效显著及优势突出等特点

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讨论

老年人群是慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的高风险人群。老年人普遍存在不同程度的胃肠道功能减退,而COPD患者常伴有缺氧及活动减少,进一步增加便秘风险。此外,COPD患者易出现紧张、焦虑、抑郁、抑郁及烦躁等负面心理情绪,这些情绪可导致盆底肌张力增高,引起排便时直肠与肛管之间的矛盾运动,并抑制肠道蠕动3,23。在中医理论中,COPD属于“"肺胀"”范畴。肺主气,司呼吸,主宣发与肃降肺气24。根据中医理论,肺与大肠相表里,肺通过宣发肃降功能输布津液,润泽大肠,从而使大肠传导功能正常。COPD的发生是由于肺的宣肃功能失调,导致大便异常、传导失司,进而引起便秘25

目前,一些用于缓解便秘的治疗措施(如增加液体摄入、体力活动、富含纤维的饮食和营养补充剂)的重要性仍存在争议26。药物治疗可能引发某些副作用。高渗透性药物如甘...

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披露

本文不存在利益冲突。

致谢

我们感谢中国中医药临床优秀人才培训项目(国中医药人教函〔2022〕1号)提供的经费支持, "百人计划" 成都中医药大学附属医院项目(院办〔2021〕42号)及四川省中医药管理局科学技术研究项目(2021MS093、2021MS539、2023MS608)

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
中药饮片大黄Sichuan Guoqiang Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces Co., Ltd21120104
纱布敷料Shandong Angyang Medical Technology Co., Ltd2022060201
手部消毒剂Gamma Disinfection Products (Foshan) Co., Ltd. Sichuan BranchCNSQV3180322A
碘伏棉签Zhejiang Baigar Health Technology Co., Ltd20220301
医用胶带Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Medical Equipment (Shanghai) Co., Ltd2105NF8
医用弯盘Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd. Surgical Instrument Factory181001
医用橡胶手套Shanghai Kebang Medical Latex Equipment Co., Ltd2112019S
生理盐水Sichuan Kelun Pharmaceutical Co., LtdN22061906

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重印与许可

标签

慢性便秘中医神阙穴天枢穴腹部按摩大黄(Rheum officinale Baill)便秘治疗