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一种治疗支气管哮喘的中医特色疗法:艾灸

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DOI:

10.3791/65119

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2023年5月12日

 ,  ,  ,  , 

* These authors contributed equally

本文内容

摘要

本方案介绍了一种采用艾灸治疗支气管哮喘患者的治愈性操作方法。

摘要

支气管哮喘是一种气道慢性炎症性疾病,由于气道反应性增高,可引起反复喘息、呼吸困难、胸闷或咳嗽等症状。这些症状具有明显的昼夜节律变化,常在夜间或清晨发生或加重。艾灸是将中药材点燃后熏烤人体穴位,通过药物和热刺激来激发经络功能,从而达到防治疾病目的的一种治疗方法。根据中医辨证论治的原则,在相应部位选取特定穴位进行艾灸,具有明确疗效,被视为治疗支气管哮喘的特色中医疗法。本方案详细阐述了患者管理、材料准备、穴位选择、操作步骤及术后护理等方法与流程,以确保艾灸治疗的安全性和有效性,显著改善支气管哮喘患者的临床症状和生活质量。

引言

本方案展示了艾灸治疗支气管哮喘的操作方法,内容涵盖患者管理、材料准备、穴位选择、操作步骤及术后护理。该方案的目的是通过艾灸控制支气管哮喘患者的症状,并改善肺功能。

针灸和艾灸是传统中医(TCM)的重要组成部分。针对支气管哮喘,针灸和艾灸在治疗方面已积累了丰富的临床经验,其中艾灸尤其显示出独特的优势1,2,3,4。现代研究表明,艾灸温通补益作用的生物学机制包括:艾灸激活穴位(局部起始),促进气血运行,调节神经-内分泌-免疫网络(调控通路),以及调节脏腑功能(效应器官反应)5,6,7。

支气管哮喘是一种气道慢性炎症性疾病,由于气道反应性增高,可引起反复喘息、呼吸困难、胸闷或咳嗽等症状。这些症状常在夜间或清晨发生或加重8。支气管哮喘是全球最常见的慢性肺部疾病之一,可影响各个年龄段的人群9。近年来,中国支气管哮喘的患病率逐年上升。最新的流行病学调查显示,20岁以上成年人哮喘的患病率为4.2%10。该疾病可导致气道重塑和高反应性,严重影响患者后期的肺功能。目前,支气管哮喘的主要临床治疗手段为抗炎、解痉及对症治疗。然而,高复发率和难治性仍是主要缺点,更不用说长期药物疗效不佳以及缺乏理想的治疗方案。与仅使用吸入药物相比,艾灸可在治疗过程中增强体液免疫和细胞免疫,具有显著的免疫调节作用11,12,13。艾灸是通过在人体穴位上方燃烧和烘烤中药材,利用药物与热刺激共同发挥作用的一种治疗方法。其具有温经散寒、行气通络、化瘀通经等作用,被视为治疗支气管哮喘的中医特色疗法14。

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方案

本临床试验已获得成都中医药大学附属医院呼吸科批准委员会的批准(编号:KY2022022)。本研究中,支气管哮喘的诊断标准参照《支气管哮喘防治指南(2020年版)》8,中医操作参照《中医病证诊断疗效标准》15。典型病例为成都中医药大学附属医院呼吸科收治的一名确诊为支气管哮喘的患者,已获取患者的知情同意。本方案中使用的所有材料来源均可获得(见材料表)。

1. 材料准备

  1. 艾条:请确保备齐以下所列物品:
    - 艾条(由艾绒制成;规格如下:长度200 mm,直径18 mm [材料表])。
    - 点火装置(打火机 [材料表])
    - 盛水的外科弯盘(长度200 mm,宽度125 mm [材料表])
    - 纱布(最小规格:80 mm × 80 mm-8P [材料表])
    - 镊子(所有无菌医用镊子均可使用,无特殊要求 [材料表])
    注:根据医疗器械生产标准,点火装置可包括火柴、酒精灯和打火机,操作时可任选其一。使用后应按照说明书及时熄灭火焰。盛水的外科弯盘用于熄灭艾条火焰,并清除燃烧后的灰烬。
  2. 收集步骤1.1中提到的所有材料,并将其放置于医用推车上,以备操作室中使用(图1)。

2. 患者评估

  1. 纳入标准
    1. 根据诊断标准纳入支气管哮喘患者8。
      注意:与患者充分沟通,告知操作可能带来的风险,并由患者签署知情同意书。对惧怕艾灸的患者应谨慎实施艾灸。操作部位的皮肤应完整无损。
  2. 排除标准
    1. 排除孕妇、儿童及其他不宜接受操作的特殊人群。
    2. 排除对艾叶、酒精及其他材料过敏者。
      ​注意:患者评估的目的是判断其是否处于适合进行艾灸操作的状态。

3. 术前准备

  1. 清洁皮肤区域
    1. 手术前一天,用清水对术区所在部位的皮肤清洗两到三次,确保去除表面污染物。清洗范围半径应大于10 cm。清洁后保持皮肤干燥。
    2. 若条件允许,为患者洗澡并清洁皮肤,水温应调节至患者感觉舒适为宜。
  2. 选定穴位后,使用碘伏棉签以穴位为中心,由内向外消毒皮肤两到三次。消毒皮肤的范围不应小于5 cm × 5 cm。
  3. 操作前,操作者须按照医务人员手卫生规范的要求,用肥皂水清洗双手16。

4. 操作步骤

  1. 体位选择:为该操作选择仰卧位或俯卧位。
    注意:应根据穴位的位置正确选择体位,以充分暴露穴位。
  2. 穴位选择
    1. 根据经络与腧穴定位以下穴位17 (2016年版,由中国中医药出版社出版):定喘(EX-B1)、肺俞(BL13)和中府(LU1)。
    2. 在第七颈椎棘突下缘中点两侧0.5指寸处,定位EX-B118 (图2).
    3. 在第三胸椎棘突下缘中点两侧,后正中线旁开1.5寸处定位BL13图3).
    4. 在胸部找到肺经LU1穴,位于第一肋间隙,距前正中线两侧各6寸处图4).
      注意:以患者拇指指间关节的宽度为1寸图5).
  3. 点燃艾条
    1. 手持艾条中上1/3处,用打火机点燃。
      注意:周围环境中严禁存在其他易燃物。
  4. 艾灸方法的选择
    1. 温和灸
      1. 手持艾条中上1/3处,将点燃的一端对准穴位上方,距离皮肤2-3 cm,操作过程中保持距离恒定(图6).
      2. 使操作部位感觉温热,局部皮肤发红,但无灼痛感。每个穴位艾灸10-15分钟,穴位皮肤温度维持在40-45 °C,使用便携式红外线测温仪测量。
        注意:选择该温度,使患者感觉温暖且皮肤轻微发红。
    2. 雀啄灸
      1. 手持艾条中上1/3处,将点燃的一端对准穴位上方,距离皮肤2-3 cm。
      2. 上下移动艾条的燃烧端,使其垂直于穴位上方的皮肤(类似鸟喙啄食的动作),并保持相同的上下运动图7).
      3. 操作部位应呈现温热、局部皮肤发红,但无灼痛感。每个穴位艾灸持续10–15分钟,穴位皮肤温度维持在40–45 °C,使用便携式红外线测温仪测量。
    3. 盘状艾灸
      1. 手持艾条的中上1/3处,将点燃的一端对准穴位上方,距离皮肤2-3 cm。
      2. 采用艾灸时,以穴位为中心,半径2.5 cm画圆,反复旋转施灸(呈环形运动);图8).
      3. 使操作部位感觉温热,局部皮肤发红,但无灼痛感。每个穴位艾灸10-15分钟,穴位皮肤温度维持在40-45 °C,使用便携式红外线测温仪测量。
        1. 操作过程中感知温度。若患者感觉温热舒适,则保持距离不变;若患者有灼热感,应增加艾条与皮肤之间的距离。
        2. 若患者局部皮肤感觉减弱,应将食指与中指分开,置于穴位两侧以感知温度,根据实际情况调整艾灸的时间与距离,避免烫伤。
  5. 熄灭火焰并清理灰烬。
    1. 术后将艾条点燃端插入盛有水的弯盘中,以熄灭艾火。用镊子清除大块灰烬,再用纱布轻轻擦拭残留污渍。
      注意:小水疱可自然吸收。若水疱较大,可用注射器或针头刺破,然后涂抹抗生素软膏。
  6. 术后护理
    1. 使用镊子清除大块灰烬,并清洁局部皮肤区域。然后用纱布轻轻擦拭残留污渍。
    2. 术后半小时内避免触碰或接触冷水。注意保持操作部位温暖。若患者感到不适,应及时就医。

5. 统计学分析

  1. 以均值 ± 标准差(SD)表示连续变量。采用配对 t 检验比较治疗前后差异。
    注意:本研究变量中不涉及分类变量。所有统计检验均为双侧检验,当 p < 0.05 时认为差异具有统计学意义。所有分析均使用统计软件完成。

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结果

8名符合纳入标准的支气管哮喘患者接受了艾灸治疗。所有患者的支气管哮喘诊断标准相同,在艾灸治疗前后,以相同方式测量患者的肺功能FEV1比值、PEF比值(实测/预计值;百分比)以及哮喘控制测试(ACT)评分。经过一个疗程的治疗后,所有患者的肺功能FEV1比值、PEF比值和ACT评分均有所改善。治疗前,肺功能FEV1比值为68.23% ± 4.35%,PEF比值为65.91% ± 4.34%,ACT评分为16.13 ± 2.30分;治疗后,FEV1比值上升至77.33% ± 5.53%,PEF比值上升至77.69% ± 4.97%,ACT评分上升至22.38 ± 1.60分。这些差异具有统计学意义(p < 0.05)(表1)。

典型病例为一名71岁女性,因反复发作的喉间哮鸣达10余年,伴咳嗽、呼吸不畅1个多月,加重2天前来就诊。该患者符合支气管哮喘的诊断标准,排除禁忌证后,已向其告知艾灸操作过程及治疗目的,患者自愿参与本试验。入院时患者意识清楚,伴有咳嗽、咳痰、胸闷,活动后加重,夜间需端坐呼吸,舌苔白滑,脉象紧。根据上述症状,中医...

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讨论

支气管哮喘引起的气道炎症是一种涉及多种免疫细胞、细胞因子和炎症介质的级联免疫反应19。哮喘患者支气管活检显示存在嗜酸性粒细胞、活化的肥大细胞以及以Th2细胞为主的T细胞浸润20。肺功能指标FEV1和PEF可反映气道阻塞的严重程度,是客观判断和评估哮喘病情最常用的指标8。西医治疗支气管哮喘的药物包括糖皮质激素、β2受体激动剂、白三烯调节剂、茶碱类药物和抗胆碱能药物。其中,糖皮质激素在控制支气管哮喘气道炎症方面最为有效21。然而,长期使用可能诱发真菌感染、全身性不良反应(如骨质疏松)以及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴抑制4。

支气管哮喘属于中医哮病范畴。其病机可归结为痰浊与气机相互搏结、阻塞气道,导致肺气升降失常。该证候属本虚标实,表现为风、寒、痰、热、血瘀、湿等实证,而肺、脾、肾三脏亏虚则是发病的根本基础22...

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披露

作者声明无利益冲突。

致谢

感谢成都中医药大学附属医院科技发展基金项目(编号:20ZL10)的经费支持。作者谨此感谢杨阳先生作为模特参与本研究。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
镊子山东威高集团医用高分子制品股份有限公司鲁械注准:20182640148
纱布山东昂洋医疗科技有限公司鲁械注准:20152140569
打火机宁波千田科技有限公司Chaofan-CF-1
艾条南京同仁堂乐家老铺健康科技有限公司10028859806337
外科弯盘潮州市潮安区彩塘镇粤康五金医疗器械厂中号

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