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一种温针灸与艾灸治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴腹胀的初步研究

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DOI:

10.3791/65318

2023年9月1日

* These authors contributed equally

本文内容

摘要

本文介绍一种正确操作温针灸和艾灸治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)伴腹胀的实验方案。

摘要

大多数慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者伴有腹胀,研究表明腹胀会加重COPD患者的肺部症状,增加急性加重频率,并影响其生活质量。温针灸和艾灸已被证实对缓解COPD合并腹胀患者的症状具有疗效。温针灸和艾灸是高效、操作简便且成本低廉的中医传统治疗方法。在治疗COPD合并腹胀时,规范实施温针灸与艾灸操作至关重要。具体步骤包括:通过辨证论治选择合适的针刺穴位,并在得气后选用适当长度的艾条进行约30分钟的艾灸。疗程持续一周。需重点评估以下指标:COPD评估测试(CAT)评分和腹胀视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分。本文将详细阐述如何规范操作温针灸与艾灸,以缓解COPD合并腹胀症状。

引言

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种常见的呼吸系统慢性消耗性疾病。COPD 患者主要表现为慢性咳嗽和咳痰,随着疾病进展,肺功能逐渐下降。疾病晚期可能并发慢性肺源性心脏病、呼吸衰竭和心力衰竭,严重影响患者生活质量。据报道,肠道微生物群的改变与 COPD 的疾病进展相关1。除了肺部症状外,40.31% 的稳定期 COPD 患者报告有腹胀症状。腹胀可能显著加重肺部症状,增加 COPD 急性加重的频率,并损害稳定期 COPD 患者的生活质量2,3。COPD 患者出现腹胀的原因被认为是多因素的,可能包括以下方面:(1)细菌失调;(2)腹水导致腹内压升高;(3)电解质紊乱;(4)右心衰竭及肝脏或消化道充血;(5)长期卧床4;(6)药物5和机械通气6

一些中医学者提出,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的发展过程表现为四种证候状态:(1)肺气虚;(2)脾气虚;(3)肾气虚;(4)阴阳两虚7,8。若脾失运化、胃弱纳呆,则可出现腹胀,进而因化源不足而导致肌肉消瘦、乏力9。目前,临床上治疗COPD常用的药物包括支气管扩张剂、糖皮质激素、抗生素及其他药物10。对于COPD合并腹胀的情况,尚无指南明确规范标准化治疗方案,临床上多采取对症治疗。

温针灸和艾灸作为中医传统疗法,能够引导气机以疏通经络,促进血液循环,消除血瘀,补益虚损以温阳散寒。这些疗法可产生抗氧化物质,从而发挥调节作用,促进免疫系统的应激反应,并改善血液循环。11,12温针灸和艾灸可用于治疗颈椎病13膝关节炎14痛经15便秘16肠易激综合征17,等等。实验研究表明,针灸可通过调节脑-肠轴来缓解腹胀18针灸联合艾灸显著减轻腹胀19,这可能是通过调节血浆以及胃黏膜组织中前列腺素E2和胃泌素水平实现的20同时,温针灸和艾灸在改善功能性消化不良症状方面优于促动力药和假针灸21针灸可增强膈肌功能,缓解呼吸肌疲劳,改善二氧化碳潴留和缺氧状况,并预防及缓解呼吸衰竭。22温针灸和艾灸可改善稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的肺功能、临床症状及生活质量23,24.

根据中医理论 "肺与大肠相表里"本研究采用的温针灸与艾灸治疗旨在促进胃肠功能恢复,改善肺功能及生活质量。温针灸和艾灸是疗效显著、操作简便且成本低廉的中医传统疗法。综上所述,有必要制定标准化操作规程,以规范温针灸与艾灸治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并腹胀的临床应用。本文详细阐述了如何正确实施温针灸与艾灸治疗以缓解COPD伴发的腹胀症状。

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方案

本临床研究方案已通过成都中医药大学附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科临床研究审批委员会的审查与批准(记录编号:KY 2022010)。

1. 仪器设备准备

  1. 准备一次性无菌针灸针(规格 0.25 mm × 40 mm)、艾条(规格 1.2 cm × 1.2 cm)、医用消毒棉签、碘伏棉签、打火机以及若干 60 mm × 60 mm 的纸板(见图1)。

2. 医生准备

  1. 确保患者符合《慢性阻塞性肺疾病基层诊疗指南》中慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的诊断标准,并伴有腹胀症状。
  2. 排除以下情况的患者:(1) 存在皮肤溃疡、血糖控制不佳、血压控制不良及头晕者;(2) 患有矽肺、结核病、恶性肿瘤、哮喘、凝血功能障碍及严重心功能不全者;(3) 患有风湿性心脏病、先天性心脏病、肾功能衰竭、肝功能衰竭等疾病者;(4) 依从性差的患者。
  3. 佩戴医用口罩和帽子。
  4. 用肥皂水洗手,待其自然干燥后,在持针操作前使用酒精类手消毒剂进行手部消毒。

3. 患者准备

  1. 嘱患者排空膀胱。
  2. 测量患者的血压、心率、呼吸频率和血氧饱和度。
  3. 确保皮肤无损伤和化脓情况。
  4. 上述基本体征正常后,指导患者选择仰卧位或俯卧位,以暴露针灸穴位。
  5. 建议患者在操作过程中如感不适,应及时告知医师。

4. 腧穴选择

  1. 用碘伏棉签擦拭需要针刺部位的皮肤。
  2. 根据标准化的穴位定位,选取肺俞(BL13)、太渊(LU9)、定喘(EX-B1)、足三里(ST36)、中脘(RN12)、天枢(ST25)24,25,26(见图2)。

5. 针灸与针刺手法

  1. 将左手五指伸直摊平,在进针部位将示指与中指分开。
  2. 用右手拇指与示指持针柄,中指指端靠近针尖,指腹抵住针身。
  3. 拇指与示指向下按压,同时中指屈曲,将针刺入符合国际标准化要求的针灸角度和深度。
  4. 沿针灸角度均匀提插针柄,深度约为 3 mm,频率约为 60 次/分钟27
  5. 前后旋转针柄,旋转角度不超过 180 度,频率约为 60 次/分钟,直至患者产生得气感27

6. 放置艾条

  1. 从距离皮肤2-3 cm的底部点燃艾条28,使患者产生温热感,并出现体表发红。治疗持续约30分钟。

7. 放置纸板

  1. 将60 mm × 60 mm的纸板置于艾条下方,以防止艾条燃烧产生的灰烬烫伤皮肤,直至艾条完全燃尽(见图3)。

8. 挑选针头

  1. 用竹签末端轻轻夹起燃尽的艾条。
  2. 用手持医用消毒棉签轻轻按压针刺部位。
  3. 将针轻轻旋转,缓慢提至皮下,停留片刻后拔出。
  4. 出针后,用医用消毒棉签轻压针孔片刻,以防止出血并减轻疼痛。
  5. 拔针后,仔细检查针孔是否出血,询问患者有无不适,并核对针数有无遗漏。

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结果

一般条件
共计12名患者(表1慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并腹胀患者共12例,按观察组和对照组各6例进行分组。所有患者均符合《慢性阻塞性肺疾病基层诊疗指南(2018)》的诊断标准29 并伴有腹部胀满。对照组接受假针刺治疗。我们选取与观察组相同的穴位,在距离这些穴位旁开2.5 cm处垂直进针,浅刺皮肤1-3 mm,不进行针刺手法及艾灸。对照组患者根据《慢性阻塞性肺疾病基层诊疗指南(2018年)》接受基础治疗。29观察组患者在给予慢性阻塞性肺疾病基层诊疗指南(2018)推荐的基本治疗基础上,加用温针灸和艾灸治疗。29两组患者均接受为期1周的治疗。

观察指标
比较两组之间的生命质量(慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试 [CAT] 评分)29 和腹胀视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分

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讨论

众所周知,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)引起腹胀的发病机制尚未完全阐明,这阻碍了新疗法和药物的开发。近年来,温针灸和艾灸已广泛应用于COPD合并腹胀的治疗。温针灸和艾灸的治疗机制主要涉及针刺作用、艾灸的温热效应以及针体的导热效应31。艾灸侧重于对穴位局部的温热刺激,可激活局部特异性受体、热休克蛋白、热敏性免疫细胞等,从而发挥温通经络、开通络脉的局部效应32。现代中医认为,对RN12、ST25和ST36穴位进行针灸和艾灸可发挥胃黏膜的细胞保护作用33。温针灸和艾灸能有效改善COPD合并腹胀的症状25,使其在改善COPD所致腹胀方面具有突出优势。

进行温针灸和艾灸操作时需注意以下几点:治疗室应定期消毒,并确保具备良好的通风换气设备。治疗床上的床垫、枕套、被褥、垫子等物品应按时更换并晾晒干燥34。操作前可进行以下准备练习,以达到理想的治疗效果:(1)指力...

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披露

作者声明无任何利益冲突。

致谢

本工作得到2022年"天府青城计划"天府科技领军人才项目(川青城〔2022〕1090号)、国家中医药临床优秀人才研修项目(国中医药人教函〔2022〕1号)、"100人才计划"成都中医药大学附属医院项目(院办〔2021〕42号)、四川省中医药管理局科研专项课题(2021MS093、2021MS539、2023MS608)的资助。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
艾条Dr. MoxiN/A尺寸:1.2 cm × 1.2 cm
一次性无菌针灸针HWATO2001-0020尺寸: 0.25 mm × 40 mm
碘伏棉签BEIJIAER20162140536
纸板自制自制尺寸:60 mm × 60 mm 

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