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慢性间歇性乙醇蒸气暴露联合双瓶选择法模拟酒精使用障碍

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DOI:

10.3791/65320

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2023年6月23日

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通讯作者: Adam Kimbrough <kimbroua@purdue.edu>

本文内容

摘要

本文介绍了一种用于研究酒精使用障碍的小鼠2BC/CIE酒精依赖模型的实验方案。

摘要

酒精使用障碍(alcohol use disorder, AUD)是一种与酒精相关的慢性疾病,通常表现为无法控制的饮酒行为以及对酒精的过度关注。AUD 研究的一个关键环节是采用具有转化相关性的临床前模型。在过去的几十年中,已有多种动物模型被用于 AUD 的研究。其中一种重要的 AUD 模型是慢性间歇性乙醇蒸气暴露(chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure, CIE)模型,该模型通过反复的乙醇暴露周期,是诱导啮齿类动物产生酒精依赖的一种成熟方法。 通过 吸入。为在小鼠中建立酒精使用障碍(AUD)模型,将慢性间歇性乙醇暴露(CIE)与自愿性的双瓶选择(2BC)饮酒实验相结合,以测量酒精摄入量的逐步增加。2BC/CIE 实验程序包括交替进行的 2BC 饮酒周和 CIE 暴露周,重复循环直至实现酒精摄入量的显著上升。本研究详细阐述了 2BC/CIE 实验的操作步骤,包括 CIE 蒸汽舱的每日使用方法,并以 C57BL/6J 小鼠为例,展示了采用该方法所获得的酒精摄入量上升结果。

引言

酒精使用障碍(AUD)是一种涉及长期过量饮酒的常见精神障碍,在全球范围内普遍存在。AUD 的症状包括反复出现的醉酒、戒断和渴求周期,其特征是持续饮酒而无视其对社会、职业和健康造成的后果1,2,3,4,5,6,7。酒精使用障碍常与其他广泛性、持续性且具有功能损害的精神障碍共病8,例如注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)9、焦虑症10或抑郁症11,仅在美国每年就导致约 88,000 人死亡2。过量或频繁饮酒会影响个人的工作状态和社会关系12,并可能增加暴力行为的发生风险13。在生理方面,急性酒精戒断可引起焦虑、激越、震颤、多汗、意识改变以及幻觉14,15。此外,当减少饮酒或停止饮酒时,个体可能出现戒断症状,并变得易怒或烦躁16。同时,长期饮酒可导致记忆力减退17,并引发硫胺素缺乏,即韦尼克-科尔萨科夫综合征(Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, WKS),该病症在酒精相关性痴呆的发生中起着重要作用18。

为了进一步推动酒精使用障碍(AUD)的研究,有必要建立具有转化相关性的动物疾病模型。在啮齿类动物中,最常用的AUD模型是慢性间歇性乙醇蒸气暴露(CIE),这是一种通过反复吸入乙醇蒸气诱导酒精依赖的成熟方法4,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30。啮齿类动物的CIE操作可引发戒断症状,如抓举诱发的惊厥31、过度兴奋、类似易激惹行为、类似焦虑行为以及睡眠障碍,并导致酒精摄入量的逐步升级22,32,33,34,35。此外,CIE会导致动物自愿饮酒量显著增加,反映了人类AUD中观察到的强迫性饮酒行为36。在中毒阶段,小鼠表现出与人类酒精中毒一致的行为学和生理学特征,包括共济失调、镇静以及体温调节障碍37,38,39。这些结果凸显了CIE模型在模拟酒精依赖的神经生物学和行为学特征方面的有效性,使其成为阐明AUD机制和测试潜在治疗干预手段的重要工具。在AUD的临床前模型(如慢性间歇性乙醇(CIE)蒸气暴露)中,小鼠表现出与人类酒精中毒和依赖相似的行为学及生理学特征。在中毒阶段,小鼠可能出现共济失调、镇静、探索行为减少以及翻正反射受损等表现。鉴于这些风险,在乙醇蒸气暴露期间及之后需对动物进行密切监测,以识别严重中毒或健康状况恶化的迹象。

在大鼠中,慢性间歇性乙醇暴露(CIE)模型通常采用操作性自我给药方式给予酒精,以测量摄入量的增加40,41,42,而在小鼠模型中则结合CIE与双瓶选择(2BC)饮酒方法43,44。酒精依赖的临床前模型一致表明,动物在长期乙醇蒸气暴露后会增加其乙醇摄入量23,45,46,47。特别是在小鼠中,反复多次的CIE循环已被证明可导致自愿性乙醇摄入量上升3,21,48,49,50。总体而言,既往研究证实,CIE模型足以增加啮齿类动物的乙醇消耗,并可有效模拟酒精使用障碍(AUD)。

本研究旨在重点介绍使用慢性间歇性乙醇暴露(CIE)方法研究酒精使用障碍(AUD),并更具体地聚焦于2BC/CIE小鼠模型。我们将详细阐述实施2BC/CIE所必需的各个步骤,并展示CIE后酒精摄入量增加的一个示例。

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方案

所有实验程序均经普渡大学动物护理与使用委员会批准。本研究使用了8周龄的C57BL/6J小鼠。CIE组包含5只小鼠(3雄2雌),Air组包含10只小鼠(5雄5雌)。动物购自商业来源(见材料表),在12小时光照-黑暗循环条件下群体饲养,并可自由获取食物。实验期间每周测量一次小鼠体重。

1. 通用实验设计

注意:双瓶选择(2BC)/慢性间歇性乙醇蒸气暴露(CIE)是一种用于研究乙醇依赖性的临床前小鼠模型51。

  1. 在两周的双瓶选择(2BC)期间,从每日暗周期开始2小时后起,为小鼠提供一瓶乙醇(15% w/v)和一瓶水,每天可接触2小时(周一至周五)。
  2. 最初,让小鼠至少进行2周的基线2BC饮酒,直至乙醇摄入量达到稳定水平。根据实验需求,基于平均基线乙醇摄入量,将小鼠分为两组(CIE组和空气对照组),或根据额外处理因素分为更多组。
  3. 在完成基线2BC阶段后,将CIE组小鼠暴露于乙醇蒸气(CIE)中,连续4天(周一至周四),每天持续16小时暴露于蒸气,随后8小时无蒸气。为确保在整个暴露期间维持稳定且持续的血液乙醇浓度,同时给予吡唑(pyrazole)作为乙醇脱氢酶抑制剂,以防止乙醇快速代谢,从而维持系统内一致的乙醇水平。
    注意:为控制可能因环境舱本身引起的特定变量(如光照、振动、噪音和温度),空气对照组小鼠被安置在与CIE组相同环境条件的相同装置中,但不暴露于乙醇蒸气。
  4. 在CIE/空气暴露周内,暂停2BC实验。完成一周CIE/空气暴露后,于接下来的周一至周五恢复2BC实验。
  5. 在后续实验过程中,交替进行CIE/空气暴露周与2BC周,直至CIE组小鼠出现饮酒量升高现象。在每次CIE暴露期间,每周至少采集一次小鼠血液,以测定其血液乙醇浓度(BEC)52。

2. 实验准备

  1. 在研究开始前获取以下所有用品:小鼠、笼子/金属笼盖、可并排安装两个的饮水瓶、垫料、食物、天平、慢性间断性乙醇蒸汽暴露舱,以及Analox分析仪或其他用于检测血液乙醇浓度(BEC)的方法(参见材料表)。
  2. 确保实验所需的所有化学品均已备妥:饮用水、95%乙醇、吡唑、肝素和无菌生理盐水。

3. 动物适应性训练

  1. 如果小鼠尚未饲养在与实验相同的位置,应至少让其在新环境中适应1周时间。
    注意:在此期间,还应使小鼠适应轻柔的抓取操作,以尽量减少与压力相关的干扰因素,并提高动物福利。抓取训练每天进行1次,连续5天,每次每只动物持续约2–3分钟。操作时将小鼠用手掌捧起或轻轻引导至实验人员手中,避免提尾,使其能够自愿探索操作者的手部。该技术有助于日常操作,减少后续实验过程中的应激反应,并确保获得更可靠的行为学数据。此外,每天还将动物转移至实验区域30分钟,以进一步使其适应测试环境。
  2. 确保小鼠有1周时间进行双瓶选择训练,两个瓶中均装有水,以使其适应不同的笼具设置以及单独饲养饮水的条件。

4. 15% w/v 乙醇与水的双瓶选择实验

  1. 双瓶选择适应期
    1. 在整个双瓶选择实验周(水与水)以及后续的水与乙醇测试中,双瓶选择测试范式保持一致。在关灯前30分钟将群养小鼠转移至各自的饮水笼中,随后允许小鼠自由饮水2小时。
    2. 在2小时饮水期前后分别记录每只饮水瓶的液体体积。每组小鼠进行为期5天的双瓶选择实验,从周一至周五。
      注:适应周的目的是让动物适应笼内存在两个饮水瓶的情况,以尽量减少单瓶自然侧位可能带来的偏差。在此期间,两个饮水瓶均装水。如果提供的金属料斗仅设计为容纳一个瓶子,可小心利用其栏杆与第一个瓶子相邻的空间,为第二个瓶子腾出位置。用于饮水实验的瓶子是使用10 mL和25 mL移液管定制而成,将末端切掉后插入带钢珠的直吸管,供小鼠饮水。使用文件夹夹子将瓶子固定在金属网盖上,可确保饮水期间瓶子不会移动(补充图1和补充图2)。
  2. 基线双瓶选择
    1. 适应期结束后,让小鼠继续进行至少2周的基线双瓶选择饮水实验,以建立稳定的乙醇摄入量。在基线饮水期间,每天测试2小时,每周5天(周一至周五),一个瓶子装水,另一个瓶子装15% w/v乙醇。在2小时饮水期前后分别记录每只饮水瓶的液体体积。
      注:为建立稳定的乙醇摄入基线,需重复双瓶选择实验周,直至每只小鼠每日摄入量的波动控制在约15%以内。
    2. 当小鼠达到稳定的乙醇摄入基线后,根据其乙醇摄入量将其均分为乙醇非依赖组(空气处理组)和乙醇依赖组(CIE处理组)。一旦基线乙醇摄入量确立,小鼠将在下一周接受CIE(或空气暴露)处理。
      注:并非所有实验都需要包含非依赖组,是否设置应根据研究重点决定。例如,比较经特定处理与未经处理的乙醇依赖小鼠可能更具相关性。
  3. 双瓶选择(2BC)
    1. 在完成第一周CIE处理后,恢复基线饮水期间所采用的双瓶选择程序。
      ​注:双瓶选择小鼠饮水配方为15% w/v乙醇溶液(1 L):95%乙醇(195 mL)和小鼠饮用水(805 mL)。

5. 慢性间歇性乙醇蒸气(CIE)暴露

  1. 准备以下材料:定制的间歇性乙醇蒸汽室(补充图3)、95%乙醇、乙醇-吡唑溶液(68.1 mg/kg 吡唑溶于20%乙醇中)、生理盐水-吡唑溶液(68.1 mg/kg 吡唑溶于生理盐水中)、注射器(1 mL)和针头。
  2. 慢性间歇性乙醇蒸汽(CIE)处理流程
    1. 在将小鼠放入CIE蒸汽室之前,通过腹腔注射给予乙醇-吡唑溶液(0.0075 mL/g),该溶液用于诱导初始乙醇中毒、抑制乙醇脱氢酶活性,并阻断乙醇的代谢53。
    2. 对空气对照组及其他实验组小鼠则注射相同剂量的吡唑溶液,但溶剂为生理盐水而非乙醇(0.0075 mL/g)。建议在每周CIE处理的第一天和最后一天给予半剂量(0.00375 mL/g)的吡唑溶液。
    3. 注射完成后,将空气/对照组小鼠放回其原笼,而将CIE组小鼠的笼子置于蒸汽室内。
      注意:鉴于长期暴露于乙醇蒸汽可能带来的健康风险,在整个实验过程中需密切监测动物状况,以确保其福利并及时发现任何不良反应。小鼠每周至少称重两次,健康评估包括观察是否存在临床应激迹象。若小鼠体重较基线下降超过20%,或出现弓背姿势、嗜睡、竖毛、毛发凌乱等表现,则视为已达到人道终点,应根据批准的机构动物护理与使用指南立即将其移出实验。在CIE处理期间,小鼠在每周末期(即乙醇暴露停止后进入延长戒断期时)最易出现健康恶化。为减轻戒断症状的严重程度,建议在每周蒸汽暴露的最后一天给予半剂量吡唑;此外,在每个新的CIE周期开始时也给予半剂量,以帮助动物逐步恢复乙醇暴露。吡唑是一种乙醇脱氢酶抑制剂,用于稳定并延长血液乙醇浓度;典型剂量范围为0.00375 mL/g至0.0075 mL/g,可根据需要调整以达到目标血液乙醇浓度。
    4. 将小鼠放入蒸汽室后,锁紧舱门,并将泵设定至适当的蒸汽水平(例如1–3)。设定实验运行时间。本研究中,实验从17:00开始,至次日09:00结束,泵设置为1–2(全程使用)。
    5. 然后按下CIE蒸汽室控制屏幕上的启动按钮以开始实验。
      注意:此步骤可能因所用蒸汽室型号及系统设置不同而有所差异。在此实验中,当所有小鼠完成注射并被放入乙醇蒸汽室后,系统将开始将95%乙醇泵入玻璃烧瓶,并加热使其汽化。蒸汽流经小鼠所在的舱室,每天持续16小时,连续4天(从周一晚间至周五早晨)。每天有8小时蒸汽关闭。第四天结束时(周五早晨)将小鼠从舱室中取出,并于下周一启动2BC测试。根据具体的蒸汽室系统和设置,不同参数/蒸汽水平可能导致血液乙醇浓度(BEC)存在差异。系统组件的微小差异、气流、排气等因素均可能影响结果。建议优先通过调节乙醇蒸汽水平而非改变吡唑剂量来维持目标范围内的BEC。随着耐受性的形成,BEC可能降低,此时需调整蒸汽水平。若蒸汽水平梯度变化过大难以有效提升BEC,则建议相应调整吡唑剂量以调控BEC。
    6. 在CIE处理期间,每周至少测量一次小鼠的BEC(见步骤5.3)。在蒸汽停止前30分钟采集血液样本,以确保BEC尚未开始下降。
      注意:随着数周内乙醇耐受性的逐步建立,实验过程中可能需要调整蒸汽水平。在调整蒸汽设置前后均应检测BEC。
    7. 在完成一轮CIE处理后的下一周,将小鼠重新投入2BC测试。重复步骤4和步骤5。使小鼠在CIE与2BC之间交替进行四至八个周期(8–16周),直至其乙醇摄入量显著高于基线饮酒量。
  3. 血液检测
    1. 准备以下材料:用于测量BEC的设备(如Analox系统)、刀片、离心管(0.2 mL)、肝素/EDTA抗凝剂以及离心机(见材料表)。
    2. 在CIE周内,于蒸汽系统关闭前30分钟对CIE小鼠进行尾部剪切取血,用于测定BEC。采血方法可根据实验室习惯采用多种方式54。
      注意:血液应收集至肝素化或EDTA包被的0.5 mL离心管中(见材料表)。
    3. 采集后的血液样本应保存在4 °C条件下,直至处理。
    4. 处理样本时,首先在4 °C下以208 × g离心10分钟,以分离血浆。
    5. 使用氧速率乙醇分析仪(见材料表)或其他可测定BEC的系统测定血液乙醇浓度。

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结果

在本项代表性研究中,报告了小鼠在2BC期间基线饮酒阶段以及慢性间歇性乙醇暴露(CIE,乙醇蒸汽暴露后)数周后的乙醇摄入量(g/kg)。简言之,如实验方案所述,在2BC阶段,小鼠可自由选择两个瓶子:一个装有水,另一个装有15%(w/v)乙醇。在确定基线摄入量后,将实验动物分为两组,平均分配至CIE组或空气对照组(Air组)。在为期3周的基线期,初始乙醇摄入量稳定在2.00 g/kg ± 0.21 g/kg(n = 15)(图1A、B)。

在分析所有饮酒周的数据时,双因素重复测量方差分析显示,慢性间歇性乙醇暴露(CIE)处理对乙醇摄入量具有显著影响,F(13,78) = 7.471,p < 0.0001;饮酒周数的影响也显著,F(6,78) = 14.07,p < 0.0001;此外,周数与处理之间存在显著的交互作用,F(6,78) = 5.135,p = 0.0...

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讨论

酒精使用障碍是一种全球性的公共卫生问题,具有高发病率并对社会造成巨大经济负担56。为了在临床前动物模型中研究酒精使用障碍(AUD),小鼠中常用的方法是双瓶选择-慢性间歇性乙醇暴露(2BC/CIE)20,34,43,44,51,57,58,59。本文采用这一成熟的酒精依赖模型,展示了标准2BC/CIE研究中的代表性方法和结果。正如预期,与空气对照组以及小鼠自身先前的基线酒精摄入量相比,在经历数周CIE处理后,小鼠的酒精摄入量显著增加。按照本论文所述的实验方案,研究...

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披露

Maury Cole 是拉霍亚酒精研究公司(La Jolla Alcohol Research Inc.)的所有者兼经营者。

致谢

本工作获得了美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)基金项目 AA027301 和 AA029985 的资助。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
500 个 Eppendorf 管EppendorfL203896J
95% 乙醇Decon 实验室2816
Analox 仪器Analox InstrumentsAnalox-AM1
动物体重秤Kent ScientificSCL-4000
回形夹Office Depot560394
C57BL/6J 小鼠杰克逊实验室000664
离心Eppendorf5418R
慢性间歇性烟雾暴露舱拉霍亚酒精研究公司定制材料
肝素/EDTASagent PharmaceuticalsTS/DRUGS/2/2015
小鼠垫料床- o’科布斯8B填充至1/8" 深
小鼠饮水瓶定制材料
吡唑Sigma-Aldrichbccc6397
Teklad 全球 18% 蛋白质(小鼠饲料)Teklad 全球Envigo 2018

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酒精依赖模型CIE范式小鼠饮酒行为血液乙醇浓度戒断症状临床前AUD模型蒸气室