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JoVE Journal Chemistry

Chemistry

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published: June 23, 2023 doi: 10.3791/65619
Automatic Translation
*1, *1, 2, 1
1Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, 2Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University
* These authors contributed equally

Summary

Post-synthetic ligand exchange (PSE) is a versatile and powerful tool for installing functional groups into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Exposing MOFs to solutions containing triazole- and tetrazole-functionalized ligands can incorporate these heterocyclic moieties into Zr-MOFs through PSE processes.

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials that are formed through coordination bonds between metal clusters and organic ligands. Given their coordinative nature, the organic ligands and strut framework can be readily removed from the MOF and/or exchanged with other coordinative molecules. By introducing target ligands to MOF-containing solutions, functionalized MOFs can be obtained with new chemical tags via a process called post-synthetic ligand exchange (PSE). PSE is a straightforward and practical approach that enables the preparation of a wide range of MOFs with new chemical tags via a solid-solution equilibrium process. Furthermore, PSE can be performed at room temperature, allowing the incorporation of thermally unstable ligands into MOFs. In this work, we demonstrate the practicality of PSE by using heterocyclic triazole- and tetrazole-containing ligands to functionalize a Zr-based MOF (UiO-66; UiO = University of Oslo). After digestion, the functionalized MOFs are characterized via various techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Introduction

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are three-dimensional porous materials that are formed through coordination bonds between metal clusters and multi-topic organic ligands. MOFs have garnered significant attention due to their permanent porosity, low density, and ability to associate organic and inorganic components, which enables diverse applications1,2. Moreover, the vast range of metal nodes and strut organic linkers offer MOFs theoretically unlimited structural combinations. Even with identical framework structures, MOFs' physical and chemical properties can be modified through ligand functionalization with chemical tags. This modification process offers a promising route to tailor the properties of MOFs for specific applications3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

Both the pre-functionalization of ligands prior to MOF synthesis and post-synthetic modification (PSM) of MOFs have been employed to introduce and/or modify functional groups in MOF ligands10,11. In particular, covalent PSMs have been extensively studied to introduce new functional groups and generate a range of MOFs with diverse functionalities12,13,14. For instance, UiO-66-NH2 can be converted to amide-functionalized UiO-66-AMs with different chain lengths (ranging from the shortest acetamide to the longest n-hexyl amide) through acylation reactions with appropriate acyl halides (such as acetyl chloride or n-hexanoyl chloride)15,16. This approach demonstrates the versatility of covalent PSMs to introduce specific functional groups onto MOF ligands, paving the way for a broad range of applications.

In addition to covalent PSMs, post-synthetic ligand exchange (PSE) is a promising strategy for modifying MOFs (Figure 1). Since MOFs are composed of coordination bonds between metals and ligands (such as carboxylates), these coordination bonds can be replaced with external ligands from a solution. Exposing MOFs to a solution containing the desired ligand with chemical tags can be incorporated into the MOFs via PSE17,18,19,20,21,22. Since the PSE process is accelerated by the existence of coordinative solvents, the phenomenon is also called solvent-assisted ligand exchange (SALE)23,24. This approach offers a flexible and facile method for functionalizing MOFs with a wide range of external ligands, enabling a broad spectrum of applications25,26,27,28,29.

Figure 1
Figure 1: Synthesis of triazole and tetrazole-functionalized H2BDC ligands and preparation of triazole- and tetrazole-functionalized UiO-66 MOF through PSE. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

The progress of the PSE process can be controlled by adjusting the ligand ratio, exchange temperature, and time. Notably, room temperature PSE can be employed to obtain functionalized MOFs by exchanging ligands from a solution into MOF solids20. The PSE strategy is particularly useful for introducing both thermally unstable functional groups (such as azido groups) and coordinative functional groups (such as phenol groups) into MOF structures18. In addition, the PSE strategy has been applied to various MOFs with metal and coordination bond variations. This exchange is a universal process in the chemistry of MOFs30,31,32. In this study, we present a detailed protocol for PSE to obtain functionalized MOFs from pristine, non-functionalized MOFs, and we provide a characterization strategy to confirm successful functionalization of the MOFs. This method demonstrates the versatility and convenience of PSE for modifying MOFs with diverse functional groups.

Tetrazole-containing benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC-Tetrazole)33, and triazole-containing benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC-Triazole) are synthesized as target ligands and utilized in the PSE of UiO-66 MOFs to obtain novel, coordination-free, triazole-containing MOFs. Both triazoles and tetrazoles possess acidic N-H protons on their heterocyclic rings and can coordinate with metal cations, thus enabling their use in constructing MOFs34,35. However, there are limited studies on incorporating coordination-free tetrazoles and triazoles into MOFs and related structures. In case of triazole-functionalized Zr-MOFs, UiO-68 type MOFs were investigated to photophysical properties through direct solvothermal synthesis with benzotriazole functionalities36. For tetrazole-functionalized Zr-MOFs, the mixed direct synthesis was employed33. These heterocycle-functionalized MOFs could provide potential coordinating sites in MOF pores for catalysis, selective molecular uptake by binding affinity, and energy-related applications, such as proton conduction in fuel cells.

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Protocol

The reagents required to prepare MOFs and the ligands are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Setting up the post-synthetic ligand exchange (PSE) process

  1. Completely dry the pre-synthesized UiO-66 MOFs under vacuum to remove any unreacted metal-salts and ligands in the pores, and remaining solvent residues overnight.
    NOTE: See Supplementary File 1 for the synthesis procedure of UiO-66 MOFs.
  2. Prepare functionalized ligands, H2BDC-Triazole, and H2BDC-Tetrazole (see Supplementary File 1 for the preparation process; Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure 2 for characterization) in an isolated state and fully dry under vacuum overnight.
  3. Prepare a 4% potassium hydroxide (KOH) aqueous solution by dissolving potassium hydroxide in deionized water.
  4. Perform the PSE process in 20 mL scintillation vials with polypropylene (PP) caps (see Table of Materials).
  5. Measure the H2BDC-Triazole (23.3 mg, 0.1 mmol) or H2BDC-Tetrazole (23.4 mg, 0.1 mmol) and place into the scintillation vial.
  6. Dissolve the H2BDC ligand in aqueous solution. Use a glass pipette to transfer 1.0 mL of the 4% KOH aqueous solution into the scintillation vial containing BDC-Triazole or BDC-Tetrazole.
    CAUTION: The 4% KOH aqueous solution is highly basic. Avoid all forms of contact and wear personal protective equipment.
  7. Sonicate the mixture until all the solids have fully dissolved.
  8. Neutralize the solution to pH 7. Use a glass pipette to transfer 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) aqueous solution with stirring into the scintillation vial containing dicarboxylate until pH 7 is reached. Measure the pH either by pH paper (and its color) or a pH meter.
    NOTE: It is crucial to maintain a pH of 7 during the exchange process, since MOFs are typically unstable under basic conditions (>pH 7), and the BDC ligand is not soluble under acidic conditions (<pH 7). Approximately 1.5 mL of 1 M HCl aqueous solution is required to neutralize BDC-Triazole or BDC-Tetrazole-containing solution.
  9. Add MOFs to the dicarboxylate solution and incubate. Add UiO-66 MOF (33 mg, 0.02 mmol) to the scintillation vial containing pH 7 solution.
    NOTE: At pH 7, UiO-66 MOF particles are not soluble in water, resulting in their suspension in water.
  10. Incubate the scintillation vial containing the MOF and ligand in a shaker at 120 rpm and at room temperature for 24 h.
    ​NOTE: Stirring can be used as an alternative to shaker-incubation for the PSE process. However, caution should be taken, since physical contact between the magnetic stirring bar and MOFs can result in cracking or breaking of the MOF particles.

2. Isolating the exchanged MOF and washing process

  1. After incubation, isolate the solid MOF from the mixture by centrifugation (1,166 x g, 5 min, room temperature).
  2. Add fresh methanol (10 mL) to the obtained solid MOF and shake the mixture to form a heterogeneous mixture to dissolve the remaining unexchanged BDC ligands.
  3. Isolate the solid that was isolated by centrifugation (1,166 x g, 5 min, room temperature).
  4. Repeat steps 2.2-2.3 two more times for a total of three washing cycles.
  5. Fully dry the exchanged MOF solid under a vacuum for overnight after the last washing.

3. Characterization of the MOF by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD)

  1. Transfer approximately 10 mg of the exchanged MOF solid to a PXRD sample holder (see Table of Materials).
  2. Place the sample holder in the diffractometer.
  3. Collect the PXRD pattern (Figure 2) in the 2θ range from 5° to 30°.
  4. Compare the obtained data to the parent UiO-66 MOF and the simulated pattern.

4. Characterization of the MOF by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) after digestion

  1. Transfer approximately 30 mg of the exchanged MOF solid to a fresh 4 mL vial.
  2. Use a micropipette to transfer 400 µL of DMSO-d6 to the MOF sample.
  3. Use a micropipette to transfer 200 µL of 4.14 M NH4F/D2O solution to a DMSO-d6 suspension of MOF powder.
    NOTE: An aqueous solution of approximately 40% HF can be used instead of the NH4F/D2O solution. In this case, a significant H2O peak is observed in the NMR. However, clearer digestion is possible in the case of HF digestion.
    CAUTION: HF is highly toxic to the body and central nervous system. All forms of contact should be avoided, work should be performed in a fume hood, and personal protective equipment should be worn.
  4. Sonicate the heterogeneous mixture for 30 min until the MOF is dissolved in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-D2O mixed solvent after digestion.
  5. Remove any remaining insoluble solids by filtering the solution through a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) syringe filter (Φ 13 mm, 0.45 µm pore; see Table of Materials) while transferring it from the 4 mL vial to an NMR tube.
  6. Place the NMR tube in the NMR machine. Collect the NMR data (Figure 3).

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Representative Results

The successful synthesis of exchanged UiO-66 MOFs, UiO-66-Triazole, and UiO-66-Tetrazole produced colorless microcrystalline solids. Both H2BDC-Triazole and H2BDC-Tetrazole ligands also exhibited a colorless solid state. The standard method used to determine the success of the exchange involved measuring the PXRD patterns and comparing the crystallinity of the sample with pristine UiO-66 MOF. Figure 2 displays the PXRD patterns of exchanged UiO-66-Triazole and UiO-66-Tetrazole, along with pristine UiO-66 and simulated data. The simulated PXRD pattern was generated from the reported crystal structure of the target MOFs. Since ligand exchange does not impact the structure of the framework, the position of reflection peaks, relative intensity, and broadness were compared and matched with pristine UiO-66 MOFs, and the baseline was flat (Figure 2). The stability of exchanged MOFs was investigated with PXRD pattern changes. Overall, both UiO-66-Triazole and UiO-66-Tetrazole perfectly retained their crystallinity under aqueous conditions and acidic 1 M HCl conditions. However, total decompositions of both UiO-66-Triazole and UiO-66-Tetrazole were observed after treatment with 1 M NaOH solution (Supplementary Figure 3).

Figure 2
Figure 2: PXRD spectra. PXRD patterns of simulated UiO-66 (grey), UiO-66 (black, as synthesized), exchanged UiO-66-Triazole (blue), and exchanged UiO-66-Tetrazole (red). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

To determine the exchange ratio of UiO-66-Triazole and UiO-66-Tetrazole, 1H NMR measurement was performed on the Zr-based MOFs, which were digested in fluoride-containing solution. Aqueous HF solution and NH4F solution have been widely used to destruct the UiO-66 framework37,38,39. Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure 4 display the 1H NMR patterns of exchanged UiO-66-Triazole and UiO-66-Tetrazole obtained from NH4F digestion. The integration of non-functionalized BDC (black circle from pristine MOF) and BDC-Triazole (blue circle) or BDC-Tetrazole (red circle) was compared to determine the exchange ratio. Furthermore, the integration, splitting patterns, and chemical shift of three peaks from BDC-Triazole and BDC-Tetrazole were considered to retain the structure of BDC-Triazole and BDC-Tetrazole under digestion conditions. The exchange ratios for triazole and tetrazole were determined to be 33% and 30%, respectively, from PSE analysis (Figure 3).

Finally, the porosity of the obtained MOFs were analyzed by N2 adsorption experiments at 77 K. Both UiO-66-Triazole and UiO-66-Tetrazole displayed reduced N2 adsorption amounts than pristine UiO-66 (Supplementary Figure 5). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of UiO-66-Triazole was calculated as 809 m2/g, and of UiO-66-Tetrazole as 1,045 m2/g. The measured BET surface area for pristine UiO-66 was 1,604 m2/g.

Figure 3
Figure 3: 1H NMR spectra. 1H NMR spectra of BDC-Triazole in NH4F solution (bottom, black), exchanged UiO-66-Triazole after NH4F digestion (bottom, blue), BDC-Tetrazole in NH4F solution (top, black), and exchanged UiO-66-Tetrazole after NH4F digestion (top, red). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Supplementary Figure 1: (A) 1H NMR spectrum, (B) 13C NMR spectrum, and (C) Fourier transform infrared spectrum of BDCE-Triazole. Please click here to download this File.

Supplementary Figure 2: (A) 1H NMR spectrum, (B) 13C NMR spectrum, and (C) Fourier transform infrared spectrum of H2BDC-Triazole. Please click here to download this File.

Supplementary Figure 3: (A) PXRD patterns of UiO-66-Triazoles after water, 1 M HCl, and 1 M NaOH treatment for 1 day. (B) PXRD patterns of UiO-66-Tetrazoles after water, 1 M HCl, and 1 M NaOH treatment for 1 day. Please click here to download this File.

Supplementary Figure 4: (A) Full range of 1H NMR spectrum of UiO-66-Triazole (from PSE) after NH4F digestion. (B) Full range of 1H NMR spectrum of UiO-66-Tetrazole (from PSE) after NH4F digestion. Please click here to download this File.

Supplementary Figure 5: N2 isotherm (at 77 K) of UiO-66 (pristine, black), UiO-66-Triazole (from PSE, blue), and UiO-66-Tetrazole (from PSE, red). Please click here to download this File.

Supplementary File 1: Details on the preparation of the MOFs and the ligands. Please click here to download this File.

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Discussion

The PSE process with functionalized BDC ligands toward Zr-based UiO-66 MOFs is a simple and versatile method to obtain MOFs with chemical tags. The PSE process is best conducted in aqueous media, requiring the initial step of solvating the ligand in an aqueous medium. When using pre-synthesized BDC with functional groups, direct dissolution in a basic solvent, such as a 4% KOH aqueous solution, is recommended. Alternatively, sodium or potassium salt of benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate may be used. Neutralization to pH 7 is critical for PSE processes utilizing functionalized BDC, as the low stability of MOFs under basic conditions could result in reduced efficacy. HCl is recommended for neutralization, and other acids may be employed if necessary. In cases of excess acid-loading leading to acidic conditions (below pH 7), the functionalized BDC ligand may precipitate out of the solution. Hence, neutralization should be carried out until pH 7 is achieved before subjecting the system to acidic conditions.

Several factors, including the exchange temperature, time, size of the ligand, and ligand ratio, significantly influence the PSE ratio20. The PSE process can be repeated multiple times to increase the exchange ratio. After incubation, the functionalized MOFs can be washed with appropriate solvents multiple times. Distilled water is a suitable option for removing any remaining dicarboxylate ligands, while MeOH can be utilized as an alternative to removing trapped solvents and dicarboxylate residue. Although H2BDC and BDC are barely soluble in MeOH, functionalized H2BDCs and BDCs are generally soluble in MeOH.

The utilization of aqueous conditions represents a significant limitation in the current PSE process for target functionalization. To enable practical PSE in aqueous conditions, it becomes imperative to employ water-stable MOFs, such as Zr-based MOFs or ZIFs. While PSE can be carried out in dimethylformamide solutions, the presence of protic solvents and/or aqueous conditions noticeably enhance both the exchange ratio and the rate at which the target ligand replaces the parent MOFs.

1H NMR measurements are required after digestion to determine the exchange ratio. The high stability of UiO-66 MOFs to acidic conditions makes fluoride-based digestion methods utilizing the high affinity between zirconium and fluoride suitable for this purpose. The HF digestion method is commonly used for the digestion of UiO-66 MOFs. In many cases, UiO-66 MOFs can be fully digested under a mixture of DMSO-d6 and 48% aqueous HF solution with sonication for 10 min16. However, the use of HF presents several safety issues and restrictions on its usage. Therefore, an alternative digestion procedure utilizing the NH4F method was employed in this work. The target UiO-66 MOF (~30 mg) was sonicated for 30 min under NH4F/D2O/DMSO (600 µL) conditions.

The PSE process is a highly efficient and straightforward method for introducing functionalized ligands into MOFs. The aqueous conditions and room temperature modification make this methodology applicable to a wide range of MOF-based materials. As the PSE process occurs directionally from the surface of the MOFs to the core of the frameworks, additional features such as surface modification and surface deactivation can be achieved21,22. The unique PSE functionalizations in porous materials, such as MOFs, offer the potential for various functionalizations and target applications. Specifically, the hydrogen-bonding properties of these triazole- and tetrazole-functionalized MOFs, along with their acidic N-H protons, could be utilized in proton conduction33. In addition, the catalytic applications could also be considered with heterocycle-functionalized MOFs with their coordination abilities. As a result, PSE functionalization is expected to provide a platform for developing functionalized MOFs with unique properties and diverse applications.

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Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2022R1A2C1009706).

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
2-Bromoterephthalic acid BLD Pharm BD5695 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Azidotrimethylsilane Simga Aldrich 155071 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride TCI B1667 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Copper(I) cyanide Alfa-Aesar 12135 reagent for BDC-Tetrazole
Copper(I) iodide Acros organics 20150 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Digital Orbital Shaker Daihan Scientific SHO-1D PSE
Formic Acid Daejung chemical F0195 reagent for BDC-Tetrazole
Hybrid LC/Q-TOF system Bruker BioSciences maXis 4G HR-MS
Lithum hydroxide monohydrate Daejung chemical 5087-4405 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Magnesium sulfate Samchun chemical M1807 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Methyl alcohol Daejung chemical M0584 reagent for BDC-Tetrazole
N,N-Dimethylformamide Daejung chemical D0552 reagent for BDC-Tetrazole
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer-500 MHz Bruker AVANCE 500MHz NMR
Polypropylene cap (22 mm, Cork-Backed Foil Lined) Sungho Korea 22-200 material for digestion
Potassium cyanide Alfa-Aesar L13273 reagent for BDC-Tetrazole
PVDF Synringe filter (13 mm, 0.45 µm) LK Lab Korea F14-61-363 material for digestion
Scintillation vial (20 mL, borosilicate glass) Sungho Korea 74504-20 material for digestion
Sodium azide  TCI S0489 reagent for BDC-Tetrazole
Sodium bicarbonate Samchun chemical S0343 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1 M THF solution) Acros organics 20195 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Triethylamine TCI T0424 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Triethylamine hydrochloride Daejung chemical 8628-4405 reagent for BDC-Tetrazole
Trimethylsilyl-acetylene Alfa-Aesar A12856 reagent for BDC-Triazole
Triphenylphosphine TCI T0519 reagent for BDC-Triazole
X RAY DIFFRACTOMETER SYSTEM Rigaku MiniFlex 600 PXRD
Zirconium(IV) chloride Alfa-Aesar 12104 reagent for BDC-Tetrazole

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Tags

Triazole Synthesis Tetrazole Synthesis Metal-organic Frameworks Ligand Exchange Heterocycle Installation Solid-solution Exchange Unstable Ligands Coordinating Groups Triazole Functional Group Tetrazole Functional Group Coordination Competition Incorporation Ratio Porous Materials Coordination Bonds
Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
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Lee, S., Lee, D., Kim, J. Y., Kim,… More

Lee, S., Lee, D., Kim, J. Y., Kim, M. Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange. J. Vis. Exp. (196), e65619, doi:10.3791/65619 (2023).

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