Method Article

电针联合中医熨烫疗法治疗功能性便秘

DOI:

10.3791/65954

July 5th, 2024

In This Article

Summary

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电针结合中医熨烫疗法可有效改善患者的便秘症状和生活质量。在这里,我们提出了一个方案来描述电针联合中医熨烫疗法治疗功能性便秘的治疗过程。

Abstract

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功能性便秘(functional constipation,FC)是一种功能失调的胃肠道疾病,主要临床表现为排便复杂、排便不完全、排便频率降低、大便干燥和坚硬,严重影响患者的生活质量和心理。电针通过在身体的特定穴位进行针灸来加速肠道蠕动,从而改善便秘。中医熨烫疗法 (CMIT) 可以暖和经络,加速局部血液循环,促进胃肠道动力学,加速胃排空。本研究详细阐述了电针联合 CMIT 治疗功能性便秘的方法和步骤,包括患者选择、材料准备、手术程序、术后护理和注意事项。还评估了该方法的治疗效果。研究结果显示,治疗 4 周后,与单用西药相比,电针联合 CMIT 可改善 FC 患者的自主排便频率、便秘和生活质量。无明显不良反应。

Introduction

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功能性便秘 (FC)1是一种严重影响患者生活质量的慢性消化系统疾病,主要表现为排便复杂、排便频率低、大便坚硬或块状、排便用力2。FC 显着影响患者的生活和心理3 ,是诱发严重疾病的重要因素,例如腹痛4、睡眠障碍5、结肠癌6 和心血管疾病7。研究表明,全球约有 10%-15% 的人口受到 FC8 的影响。FC 是慢性的,治疗不佳,近 50% 的患者对常规治疗不完全满意9,这是一个重大的公共卫生问题,给患者带来了沉重的经济负担10,11。FC 的治疗措施包括一般治疗(增加液体摄入量、膳食纤维补充剂12,13 和运动14)和药物治疗(容量泻药15、渗透性泻药16、兴奋剂泻药17、5-羟色胺 4 受体激动剂18 和益生菌19,20,21).然而,大多数药物都有药物依赖、腹泻、腹胀、胀气、肠痉挛和食管梗阻等不良反应。因此,寻找一种副作用小的有效 FC 治疗方法引起了临床医生的注意。

针灸是一种起源于中国古代的治疗方法,常用于治疗各种消化系统疾病。电针在针灸的基础上,应用温和和持续的电刺激,以增强针感并提高临床疗效。电针改善了每周完全自发排便 (CSBM) 22,并提高了布里斯托尔大便量表 (BSFS) 评分23。其机制可能与促进肠道蠕动24 和增加结肠中的 5-羟色胺和色氨酸羟化酶25 有关。一般来说,电针可以有效改善 FC 患者的临床症状26 并提高患者的生活质量和治疗满意度23,27

中医熨烫疗法 (CMIT) 是指加热中草药袋(称为热颜袋)并将其向后移动或在特定位置旋转。CMIT 通过药物和温度的物理作用降低伤害性神经兴奋性,改善血液循环,促进肠道蠕动,并改善便秘28。Foeniculum vulgare Mill,俗称茴香,在 CMIT 中主要用于发挥其益 气、 温经、调脾胃抬高、消滞、排便29.

本研究将针灸与 CMIT 相结合,作用于 FC 患者的胃肠道穴位,改善其便秘症状,为治疗 FC 患者提供了一种新的有效方法。

Protocol

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自贡市第一人民医院机构审查委员会审查并批准了该临床方案。本研究向患者详细解释了治疗过程、治疗原则和不良反应,并在签署知情同意书后对患者进行治疗。

1. 患者评估

  1. 纳入标准:
    1. 包括符合功能性便秘罗马 IV 诊断标准的患者30.
    2. 包括年龄在 21 至 69 岁之间的患者,不分性别。
    3. 治疗前(>14 天),确保未使用任何药物治疗便秘(紧急情况除外)。
    4. 包括未参与其他正在进行的临床研究的患者。
    5. 包括通过 e-colonos 镜检查证实的无器质性肠病的患者。
    6. 包括自愿参加研究并签署知情同意书的患者。
  2. 排除标准
    1. 排除患有其他内分泌、代谢、神经系统或术后疾病或药物诱发便秘的患者。
    2. 排除肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病或其他结构性肠病患者。
    3. 排除患有精神疾病、认知功能障碍或失语症的患者。
    4. 排除在过去 4 周内接受过针灸和 CMIT 的患者。
    5. 排除植入心脏起搏器的患者。
  3. 干预措施
    1. 使用随机比较表方法将患者分为四组。
      注:本研究涉及的组为对照组、实验组A(电针组)、实验组B(CMIT组)和C组(电针+CMIT组)。对照组以《儿童和成人功能性便秘管理》31 和《功能性便秘中西医结合治疗共识意见》(2017)32 为指导进行规范化治疗。
    2. 确保所有患者增加饮水量(每天 2000 mL 水)和膳食纤维摄入量(30 g),养成良好的排便习惯(每天一次),并定期进行锻炼(每周 3 次,每次 30 分钟),如骑自行车和步行。
    3. 给对照组患者乳果糖口服溶液,每天 3 次,每次 15 mL,饭前4 周 33
    4. 实验组 A 患者以对照组为基础,1 周内电针 5 次,每次 30 分钟,持续 4 周。
    5. 根据对照组,每天用 CMIT 治疗实验组 B 患者 20 分钟,持续 4 周。
    6. 根据对照组,用电针(每周 5 次,每次 30 分钟)和 CMIT(每天 20 分钟)治疗实验组 C 的患者,持续 4 周。
    7. 4 周后,通过每周完全自发排便 (CSBM) 34、克利夫兰便秘评分系统 (CSS) 35 和便秘生活质量量表 (PAC-QOL) 的患者评估 36 评估两组的治疗效果。

2. 材料准备

  1. 准备电针设备(图 1)。
  2. 准备中医熨烫疗法所需的一次性无菌布袋、茴香籽和一次性无菌手套(图 2)。

3. 处理过程

  1. 电针治疗
    1. 身体姿势:让患者躺在治疗床上,放松,感到舒适。
    2. 定位并选择穴位:
      1. 将 Quchi (LI11) 定位在肘条纹外侧端和肱骨外上髁37 之间的线中间(图 3)。
      2. 将上居虚 (ST37) 点定位在小腿前外侧,Dubi 下方 6 寸(12 厘米38),一个交叉指(中指)从胫骨前缘37图 4)。
        注意:根据经络和穴位39 的研究选择穴位。存是中医中的一种特殊计量单位。它是远端指间关节与食指近端指间关节之间的距离。根据文献,1 cun 约为 2.0-2.2 cm38,40
    3. 使用 75% 的酒精对作者的手和受影响的皮肤进行消毒,以防止感染。
      注意:电针应避免皮肤损伤、结节和疤痕;保持温暖,并保持情绪放松。
    4. 通过抬起、插入、扭转、转动和其他作,将针头垂直插入患者 1 村 (2 cm38) 的双侧曲池 (LI11) 和上居徐 (ST37) 点,使患者感到酸痛或麻木。
    5. 将电针仪的波形设置为连续波41,频率为 1.5 Hz,电流强度为 0.5 mA。(图 5)。
    6. 每周 5 次,每次 30 分钟,持续 4 周。
  2. 中医熨烫疗法
    1. 检查患者的腹部熨烫区域皮肤是否完整无破损。
    2. 将茴香(300 克)放入一次性无菌布袋(20 厘米 x 30 厘米)中,在微波炉中加热 3 分钟(温度 50 至 70 °C),并系紧热燕袋。
    3. 戴无菌手套,露出患者的腹部皮肤,将热燕袋应用于中完 (CV12)、申阙 (CV8)、天舒 (ST25) 和关原 (CV4)(图 6)。
      1. 以患者肚脐为中心顺时针按压 reyan 袋。
      2. 开始时,使用较轻的压力并稍微加快移动速度。随着 reyan 袋的温度降低,使用较重的压力,较慢,持续约 5 分钟。
      3. 当患者的皮肤感到温暖而没有灼痛时,将 reyan 袋贴在中丸 (CV12) 上以继续热敷(图 7)。在每个穴位涂抹 reyan 袋 5 分钟。每次 20 分钟,每天一次,持续 4 周的治疗。

4. 统计分析

  1. 将连续变量表示为平均值±标准差。使用单因素方差分析进行多组比较,使用 LSD-t 检验进行组间成对比较。
  2. 将分类变量表示为个案(百分比),并使用卡方检验比较各组。测试水平 α = 0.05(双尾)。

Results

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本研究筛选并纳入了 2022 年 8 月至 2022 年 12 月在自贡市第一人民医院就诊的 60 例 FC 患者。采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组、实验组 A (电针组)、实验组 B (CMIT 组) 和 C 组 (电针 + CMIT 组),各 15 例。四组之间的性别、年龄和病程没有统计学差异(见 表 1)。

我们在治疗前后进行了 CSBMs 、 CSS 和 PAC-QOL 问卷调查。治疗前,各组 CSBMs 、 CSS 和 PAC-QOL 评分无统计学差异,具有可比性。治疗 4 周后,所有组的 CSBMs 升高,CSS 评分降低。C 组的 CSBM 、 CCS 和 PAC-QOL 评分优于对照组 A 组和 B 组 (p < 0.05)。B 组的 PAC-QOL 评分优于 A 组 (p < 0.05) (见 表 2)。结果表明,电针联合 CMIT 可以改善患者自主排便的频率、便秘和生活质量。各组均未发生严重不良反应。

figure-results-1
图 1:电针材料。 (A) 针灸针。(B) 75% 乙醇消毒剂。(C) 医用棉签。(D) 电子针治疗仪。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

figure-results-2
图 2:中医熨烫疗法的材料。 (A) 茴香。(B) 一次性使用无菌布袋。(C) 一次性无菌手套。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

figure-results-3
图 3:曲池 (LI11) 穴位。 将穴位定位在肘部条纹外侧端和肱骨外上髁之间的线中间。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

figure-results-4
图 4:上居虚 (ST37) 穴位。 将穴位定位在小腿前外侧,Dubi 下方 6 寸(12 厘米38),用一个交叉指(中指)从胫骨前缘伸出。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

figure-results-5
图 5:曲池 (LI11) 和上居虚 (ST37) 的电针。请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。

figure-results-6
图 6:腹部熨烫治疗的穴位。 中万 (CV12) 位于上腹部,前正中线,脐上方 4 F-cun。Shenque (CV8) 位于脐中部。天舒 (ST25) 位于腹部,在水平脐部,距前正中线 2 F-cun。观元 (CV4) 位于下腹部、中线前部和脐下 3 个 F-cun。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

figure-results-7
图 7:将热燕袋留在中湾 (CV12) 并继续熨烫。请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。

女性年龄病程
对照组 (n=15)7861,93 ± 5,773.77 ± 1.84
实验组 A (n = 15)8760,53 ± 5,393.37 ± 1.68
实验组 B (n = 15)8761,33 ± 4,403.53 ± 1.48
实验组 C (n = 15)7862,13 ± 4,383.74 ± 1.55
x2&F0.570.3052.093
p0.610.8220.112

表 1:基线时患者的特征。

CSBMCCS 评分PAC-QOL 评分
治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后
对照组 (n = 15)1.57 ± 0.753.21 ± 0.8024.57 ± 5.0819,64 ± 5,0763,64 ± 3,6155,21 ± 3,66
实验组 A (n = 15)1.4 ± 0.633.73 ± 0.7023.4 ± 4.9415.2 ± 5.19安培63.2 ± 6.4552,33 ± 4,56
实验组 B (n = 15)2 ± 0.533.87 ± 0.99安培25.13 ± 4.8215.53 ± 4.4863,6 ± 3.8547.87 ± 4.53绝对
实验组 C (n = 15)1.6 ± 0.914.13 ± 0.91ABC24.53 ± 5.1613.87 ± 5.55ABC63,73 ± 4,6641.47 ± 5.78ABC
F 值1.8552.8920.3163.4291.57220.844
p0.1480.0430.8140.0230.207<0.001

表 2:CSBM、CSS 和 PAC-QOL 分数的比较。 A,与对照组相比,p< 0.05。 b,与 A 组相比,p < 0.05。 c 与 B 组相比,p < 0.05)。

Discussion

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FC 的主要病理生理学基础是由交感神经紧张和副交感神经兴奋性引起的肠道动力下降42。FC 的发病机制可能与肠道神经递质功能障碍、氧化应激指数平衡破坏、水通道蛋白表达异常、血清离子异常变化、肠道菌群紊乱、结直肠感觉和运动功能异常以及心理影响有关43。西医治疗 FC 主要以各种类型的泻药和胃肠道促有丝分裂药物为主。长期使用这些药物可能导致恶心、呕吐、腹痛44、电解质紊乱45、结肠视网膜病变46,47,并增加个人和社会的经济负担。

中医认为便秘与脾胃密切相关48.中医治疗 FC 的方法多种多样,包括针灸49,50、推拿疗法51、穴位按摩52、草药熨烫53 和草药灌肠54,效果很好。

FC 是世界卫生组织推荐用于电针治疗的 43 种常见疾病之一55。针灸治疗便秘和腹泻的疗效位居前两位56位,具有明显的优势。研究表明,针灸可以增强肠道蠕动22,调节肠胃功能,减轻便秘症状57

神阙 (CV8) 穴电针已被证明可以改善功能性便秘大鼠的粪便含水量和肠道转运率,可能是通过调节水通道蛋白-3 (AQP3) 表达和核因子-κB (NF-κB) 信号通路58

茴香在传统医学中已用于治疗与消化系统、内分泌系统、生殖系统和呼吸系统相关的各种疾病59。茴香具有许多药理作用,如抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗血栓形成、降血压、胃保护、保肝、记忆增强和抗诱变活性60。加热的热燕袋刺激腹中万(CV12)、神阙(CV8)等穴位,益气化瘀,清侧支。沿显着肠道排泄方向的腹部按摩,增加小肠和大肠的节律性收缩,加快运输速度,使大便柔软,易于排出61,62

针灸是一种侵入性手术,可能涉及针头昏厥、针头粘、出血和伤口感染的风险,因此需要经验丰富的医生来执行该功能并提高无菌意识。本研究采用电针治疗,一方面增强针灸感觉,提高治疗效果,另一方面保证针灸治疗的一致性,避免不同作者进行针灸技术对试验的影响。

本研究选择的穴位是曲池 (LI11) 和上居徐 (ST37),分别是大肠募集和下愈合结束的穴位。这两个穴位都被认为是中医治疗内脏器官疾病的主要穴位,常用于 FC34 患者。曲池 (LI11) 与上居虚 (ST37) 的组合属于何海穴配伍,用于治疗内酥脏。内晶认为,合并点和较低合并点的效果是一样的63。先前的一项研究64 表明,He-sea 穴位的相容性可以显着增加 CSBMs,提高排便难度和患者的生活质量,并且穴位结合可以在停止治疗后保持疗效 4 周。

过热的热燕袋会加剧患者的不适感,甚至导致皮肤灼伤,因此在治疗开始时需要轻柔快速地移动热燕袋,然后在患者适应热燕袋的温度后,再放在中碗(CV12)上进行连续熨烫治疗。

本研究有一定的局限性。首先,FC 分为慢速传输、出口阻塞和混合型,它们的行为不同1.在本研究中,FC 未分型,缺乏与不同类型 FC 相关的疗效指标比较,因此未能明确对电针联合 CMIT 敏感的 FC 类型。其次,本研究是一项样本量小的单中心研究,未分析合并症对治疗效果的异质性影响。因此,需要进一步的试验来探讨电针联合 CMIT 治疗 FC 的临床优缺点,补充现有治疗方法,并探讨电针联合 CMIT 是否是 FC 的最佳治疗方法。

与单纯西医相比,电针联合 CMIT 可以改善患者的自主排便频率、便秘和生活质量。

Disclosures

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作者没有需要披露的利益冲突。

Acknowledgements

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本研究得到了四川省科技厅重点研发计划(重大科技专项)(编号:2022YFS0392)和四川省中医药管理局重点学科建设项目(编号:202072)的支持。

Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
75%酒精消毒剂山东安洁高科消毒科技有限公司Q/371402AAJ008
脱脂棉签自贡吉盛医疗器械有限公司川机注册20162140199
针灸针(0.25 mm x 50 mm)苏州市医疗用品厂有限公司苏机注册20162270970
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