本方案描述了利用视黄醇同位素稀释法估算维生素A总储存量(TBS)的方程,并简要概述了采用基于模型的房室分析结合超级受试者研究设计来估算群体及个体TBS的方法。
方法文章
本方案描述了利用视黄醇同位素稀释法估算维生素A总储存量(TBS)的方程,并简要概述了采用基于模型的房室分析结合超级受试者研究设计来估算群体及个体TBS的方法。
利用稳定同位素方法定量估算维生素A总储量(TBS)基于同位素稀释原理。简言之,向个体单次口服给予2H-或13C标记的维生素A,通常在给药后14-21天,通过质谱法测定血浆中标记与未标记视黄醇的浓度。TBS可通过视黄醇同位素稀释(RID)方程或质量平衡方程计算得出。RID方程和质量平衡方程均需使用血浆中视黄醇特异性活性(SAp,即示踪物与示踪剂之比)的信息,该信息由质谱测量获得。两个方程均需引入系数值,以校正口服稳定同位素标记视黄醇在TBS估算时间点的吸收与储存情况。可采用已发表的系数值代入方程。此外,也可通过WinSAAM模拟、分析与建模软件对血浆视黄醇动力学数据进行基于模型的房室分析来确定TBS。简言之,可采用“超级个体”研究设计,结合基于模型的血浆视黄醇动力学数据房室分析,以确定群体TBS及特定人群的综合系数(FaS)值,随后将该系数用于RID方程以计算个体TBS。“超级个体”设计需估算受试群体的平均膳食维生素A摄入量,并在约28-91天内进行约11-16个时间点的采血,每个时间点包含5-7名受试者,但每名受试者仅提供2-3次血样。肝脏维生素A浓度可根据TBS估算得出,方法是假设TBS中存在于肝脏的比例,并结合肝脏重量的估算值。通过将估算的肝脏维生素A浓度与建议的 cutoff 值进行比较,可评估维生素A营养状况,从而对从缺乏到过量的完整谱系中的营养状态进行分类。
Stable isotope methods provide a quantitative estimate of vitamin A total body stores (TBS), and can be used to assess the vitamin A status of children and adults in community settings1. Because they provide a quantitative estimate of TBS across the full continuum of status, from deficient to excess stores, they are considered to be the best indirect methods for assessing vitamin A status in humans1. In contrast, serum concentrations of retinol or retinol binding protein are commonly used to assess status; however, they do not reflect vitamin A body stores, unless stores are very low, because serum retinol is under homeostatic control; moreover, they decrease transiently during inflammation, complicating the interpretation of results in populations with high infection rates2. The modified relative dose response (MRDR) test provides an estimate of the adequacy of liver vitamin A reserves, but does not provide a quantitative estimate of liver vitamin A concentration2. Generally, stable isotope methods are used to study vitamin A metabolism and to estimate the impact of vitamin A interventions in populations at risk of deficiency3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. They are also useful for assessing the risk of excessive vitamin A stores in populations exposed to multiple sources of vitamin A, such as fortified foods, high-dose vitamin A supplements, and/or micronutrient powders1,11. These applications are important for better understanding vitamin A metabolism throughout the lifecycle, refining vitamin A requirements, and assessing the efficacy and safety of vitamin A interventions that aim to improve nutrition and health outcomes among children and women of reproductive age in resource-poor communities. TBS is estimated using retinol isotope dilution (RID) methodology and either the RID equation or the mass balance equation. Alternatively, TBS can be estimated by model-based compartmental analysis of plasma retinol kinetic data using WinSAAM Simulation, Analysis, and Modeling software (www.winsaam.org) with a super-subject design12. Briefly, these methods require 1) administration of a single oral dose of stable isotope labeled vitamin A to participants, 2) collection of 1-2 blood samples ~14-21 days after isotope administration for RID methods, (or collection of 2-3 blood samples per participant during 28-91 days, and an estimate of the group mean dietary vitamin A intake for model-based compartmental analysis), and 3) access to an appropriate mass spectrometer (GC-C-IRMS, GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) to measure plasma concentrations of labeled and unlabeled retinol.
This protocol is intended to provide guidance for new users of RID methodology on how to calculate TBS using either the RID equation or the mass balance equation. In addition, a brief overview is presented on the use of model-based compartmental analysis with a super-subject study design to estimate TBS for a group of study participants and for individual participants; however, details on conducting compartmental modeling of plasma retinol kinetic data are beyond the scope of this manuscript (for more information on this approach, see Green et al.12). For an overview of vitamin A stable isotope methods, see Lietz et al.1.
RID equation for estimating TBS
The RID equation is used when an oral dose of stable isotope-labeled vitamin A is administered to an individual, and LC/MS/MS or GC/MS is used to measure labeled and unlabeled retinol in plasma to obtain retinol specific activity in plasma (SAp) (i.e., tracer-to-tracee ratio in plasma)13,14. A single blood sample at ~14-21 days after isotope dosing is required to estimate TBS using the RID equation. The RID equation shown below is used to estimate TBS in adults and children 15:
TBS = Fa × S × (1/SAp)
where TBS is µmol of vitamin A, Fa is the fraction of the oral tracer dose of vitamin A that is absorbed and found in body stores at time t, and S is the ratio of retinol specific activity in plasma (SAp) to that in stores (SAs) at time t. SAp is plasma retinol specific activity, expressed as a fraction of dose in plasma: (labeled retinol / unlabeled + labeled retinol) in plasma / oral dose of labeled retinol (µmol))12. Note that the contribution of unlabeled retinol to total retinol in the denominator is negligible 14-21 days after isotope dosing when TBS is usually estimated. For a detailed discussion of the RID equation, see Green et al.12.
Because the coefficients Fa and S are multiplied in the RID equation, they are commonly referred to as the composite coefficient FaS. Published values for the composite coefficient FaS, based on theoretical adults and children with a wide range of TBS, are available at multiple times after isotope dosing (Table 1; adapted from Green and Green15). These values can be used in the RID equation to calculate the TBS of individuals from similar populations15. Alternatively, model-based compartmental analysis of plasma retinol kinetic data can be used to determine population-specific values for the composite coefficient FaS12,16.
Mass balance equation for estimating TBS:
The mass balance equation is used to calculate TBS when an oral dose of 13C-labeled vitamin A is administered to an individual, and GC-C-IRMS is used to measure 13C enrichment (13C/total C) in serum10,17. The mass balance equation requires two blood samples: a baseline sample to measure the natural abundance of 13C in serum, and a second sample 14 days after dosing for measurement of 13C-enrichment in serum. However, if an investigator is interested in estimating mean TBS for a group of individuals, baseline blood sampling can be done in 5-6 participants, and the mean 13C abundance for those individuals can be used as an estimate of baseline 13C abundance in serum for individuals in the group. The natural abundance of 13C is ~1.1%, but because this can vary with diet, it should be measured accurately in serum at baseline to correct the post-dose 13C abundance, as shown in an example below10. The mass balance equation requires measurements of isotope abundance (13C/total C) for: 1) the dose of 13C-labeled vitamin A (Fa), 2) baseline serum retinol (Fb), and 3) post-dose serum retinol (Fc). The isotope abundance measurements are used to calculate the tracer-to-tracee ratio, and subsequently TBS. Additional factors are included in the equation to account for absorption and storage of the dose of 13C-labeled vitamin A at the time of TBS assessment. For a detailed discussion of the mass balance equation, see Gannon and Tanumihardjo10.
The mass balance equation shown below is used to estimate TBS in adults or children:
TBS = a x (1/TTR) x (factor for absorption x factor for storage)
where TTR is the serum tracer-to-tracee ratio. The factor a accounts for loss of the 13C-labeled vitamin A tracer between the time of dosing and blood sampling, and is calculated as e-kt, where k = ln(2)/half-life of retinol, and t = days since dosing10. The factor for absorption of the tracer dose is assumed to be 0.8-1.0 (80%-100%) for adults, or 0.75-0.9 (75%-90%) for children10. The factor for storage (the ratio of TTR in serum to stores) is assumed to be 0.8 when dietary vitamin A intake is not controlled during the 14 day period between dosing and blood sampling, or 1.0 when dietary vitamin A intake is low and controlled10.
Estimation of liver vitamin A concentration
The total liver reserve of vitamin A can be estimated based on the proportion of TBS that is found in the liver. It is assumed that ~50% of TBS is in the liver when vitamin A status is low and ~80% when vitamin A status is adequate; these assumptions are based on limited data that show that liver vitamin A as a percent of total body vitamin A is dependent on vitamin A status and can range from ~40%-90%18,19. More data are needed to determine how to better estimate liver vitamin A as a percent of total body vitamin A. Until then, the information in Table 2 can be useful for estimating the vitamin A status of a study population to determine whether to assume a value of 50% or 80%. Also, if the prevalence of serum retinol concentrations <0.7 µmol/L is ≤10% among children 6-59 months of age, vitamin A status of the population is assumed to be adequate; note that this cutoff overlaps with the WHO category of vitamin A deficiency as a mild public health problem (Table 2)20,21. Liver vitamin A concentration is calculated from total liver reserves based on liver weight, which can be estimated as 3% of body weight for children and 2.4% of body weight for adults22. Alternatively, liver weight can be estimated using body surface area (BSA) and a prediction equation23.
Overview of model-based compartmental analysis with a super-subject design to estimate group and individual TBS
Model-based compartmental analysis can be used to study individual retinol kinetics with frequent sampling, but has proven especially useful in populations where frequent sampling is not feasible, such as young and preschool age children, and potentially, pregnant and lactating women, in resource-poor community settings11,24,25,26,27. Model-based compartmental analysis is used with a super-subject study design to predict TBS for the group of study participants, and to estimate population-specific values for the composite coefficient FaS, which can then be used to determine TBS of individual study participants with the RID equation12,24. The super-subject design is used in community settings to minimize the number of blood samples collected from each individual12,24,26. An example of the design is shown in Table 3 for a 91-day study with 105 subjects and 16 blood sampling times. In this example, each subject ingests a single oral dose of stable isotope labeled vitamin A, and provides a blood sample at 14 days after dosing for estimation of each individual's TBS using the RID equation with the model-derived FaS value at 14 days; and a second blood sample at one of the remaining 15 times to obtain the plasma retinol kinetic data that is required for model-based compartmental analysis. In this design, there are 7 individuals assigned to each of the 15 additional blood sampling times. Generally, 5 participants per time is considered sufficient, but because some participants may miss an assigned blood sampling time, ~7 individuals per time is recommended. Plasma is analyzed by mass spectrometry to obtain measurements of labeled and non-labeled retinol, and the fraction of the vitamin A isotope dose in plasma (FDp) is calculated. Briefly, geometric mean FDp versus time is plotted and fit to a compartmental model using WinSAAM software12,24,26. An example of an 8-compartment model for whole-body vitamin A metabolism is shown in Figure 115. The model includes compartments that represent plasma vitamin A (compartment 5), and two exchangeable vitamin A storage pools (compartments 6 (large) and 7 (small)). The sum of the mass of vitamin A in the two exchangeable storage compartments is used as the estimate of TBS:
TBS (µmol) = M(6) + M(7)
where M(I) is µmol vitamin A in compartment I
Population-specific values for the coefficients Fa and S can be calculated at any time (t) over the duration of a super-subject study using the following equations12,24:
Fat = F(6)t + F(7)t
St = SApt / SAst = [F(5)t / M(5)] / {[F(6)t + F(7)t] / [M(6) + M(7)]}
where Fat is the fraction of the ingested tracer dose absorbed and found in stores at time t; F(I)t is fraction of the tracer dose present in compartment I at time t; St is specific activity in plasma compared to stores at time t; SA is retinol specific activity in either plasma (p) or stores (s) at time t; and M(I) is µmol vitamin A in compartment I. See Green et al.12 for a detailed discussion of model-based compartmental analysis.
这些数据为假设所得;本研究未涉及任何人类受试者。
1. 使用 RID 方程估算 TBS
2. 使用质量平衡方程估算TBS
3. 肝脏维生素A含量测定
4. 群体的模型预测TBS
本方案展示了如何利用视黄醇同位素稀释法,结合RID方程或质量平衡方程,对成人或儿童的全身维生素A储量(TBS)进行定量估算。当使用RID方程时 2H 或 13使用C标记的维生素A进行给药,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC/MS/MS)或气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)测定血浆中标记与非标记视黄醇的浓度。RID方程需要基于质谱测定得到的血浆视黄醇特异性活性(示踪物与示踪物之比)、标记维生素A的口服剂量(µmol RE)以及一个复合系数的数值。 FaS复合系数的已发表数值 FaS 可获得;或者,可通过基于模型的房室模型对血浆视黄醇动力学数据进行分析,以估算特定人群的数值。RID 公式通常在给药后约 14 至 21 天应用,但如果提供相应的复合系数值,也可在更晚的时间点应用 FaS 可获得。本示例所示的TBS值为364 µmol。
当使用13C标记的维生素A进行给药,并采用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱法(GC-C-IRMS)测定血浆中13C同位素丰度时,可应用质量平衡方程。该方程需要输入示踪物与被示踪物的比值(即血浆中测得的13C同位素丰度)以及若干校正因子(系数)的数值,以校正给药时13C标记维生素A的吸收和储存情况。这些系数的公开发表数值可用于方程计算。质量平衡方程通常在给药后14天应用。本示例中计算得到的全身维生素A储存量(TBS)为155 µmol。
采用基于模型的血浆视黄醇动力学数据区室分析方法,并结合超级受试者设计,用于估算一组研究参与者的全身维生素A储存量(TBS),并确定系数FaS的值,以便后续用于估算个体参与者的TBS。群体的TBS被计算为体内可交换维生素A储存池中的维生素A质量;个体研究参与者的TBS则在给药后14天和/或更晚时间点进行计算,计算时使用每位参与者的血浆视黄醇特异性活性值(SAp)以及在选定时间点由模型推导出的相应FaS系数值,并代入RID方程。本示例中所得TBS值为1029 µmol。
可通过将TBS转换为肝脏维生素A浓度,并将肝脏维生素A浓度与用于划分维生素A营养状况的临界值进行比较来解读TBS结果;需要注意的是,2015年提出的从缺乏到中毒的临界值范围,随着更多数据的积累,可能会被进一步优化2。本示例中肝脏维生素A浓度为0.232 µmol/g 肝组织

图1:人体全身维生素A代谢的房室模型。圆圈代表房室;矩形为延迟元件;组件之间的箭头表示分数转移系数 [L(I,J),即每天从房室J转移到房室I的视黄醇比例] 和延迟时间 [DT(I),即在延迟元件I中停留的天数]。房室1是摄入的示踪剂(*)和膳食维生素A [U(1)] 进入的部位。组件1至4代表消化、吸收以及乳糜微粒的加工过程,直至被肝细胞(房室4)摄取,随后视黄醇与视黄醇结合蛋白结合分泌进入血浆房室5,该房室为采样点(三角形)。组件8表示组织对血浆视黄醇的不可逆摄取,且视黄醇不再循环回系统。血浆中的视黄醇也可与两个血管外池(较大的房室6和较小的房室7)进行交换,其中房室6和房室8为系统中不可逆损失的部位。VA = 维生素A。本图改编自15。请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。
表1:理论成人和儿童在选定时间的复合系数 FaS 的估计值。建议在暴露后14天或更晚应用RID方程来估算成人的TBS。缩写:GM = 几何平均数;NA = 不适用。本表已根据文献15修改。请点击此处下载该表格。
表2:维生素A缺乏症的人群患病率临界值。 缩写:VAD = 维生素A缺乏症;MRDR = 改良相对剂量反应试验;WHO = 世界卫生组织。本表格改编自21。请点击此处下载该表格。
表3:91天超级受试者研究中每个时间点的参与者人数。所有参与者(n=105)均在第14天进行采血,每位参与者在91天研究期间被随机分配至第二个时间点采血,以确保每个时间点至少有7名参与者,每位参与者共提供2份血液样本。请点击此处下载该表格。
总之,稳定同位素方法可对成人和儿童的总身体水(TBS)进行定量估算,并可应用于社区环境1成人和儿童的总维生素A储量(TBS)可通过视黄醇同位素稀释法,结合RID方程或质量平衡方程进行估算。尽管这两个方程均基于相同原理 同位素稀释法相比,反向同位素稀释法(RID)方程仅需单次血液样本,通常应用于出生后约14-21天,但如果已知复合系数的相应数值,也可在更晚的时间点应用 FaS 是可获得的。关于复合系数的已发表数值 FaS 在给药后不同时间点可获取,用于 RID 方程的计算15;或者,可采用基于模型的房室分析法确定特定人群的数值。质量平衡方程需要采集2次血液样本,一次在基线时,另一次在给药后14天。然而,如前所述,若需估算一组受试者的平均总血容量(TBS),则基线血液样本可仅采集5–6名参与者,并取其平均值 13个体的碳同位素丰度可作为基线水平的估计值 13血清中碳元素丰度
应用RID方程时,需注意将剂量表示为维生素A活性(µmol RE),而非标记的视黄醇酯的微摩尔数(µmol)。若使用已发表的FaS系数值,则应选择来源于相似人群(儿童或成人)且与测量SAp以估算总维生素A储量(TBS)的时间点(研究日)相对应的FaS值。应用质量平衡方程时,必须考虑13C标记的维生素A剂量中的13C天然丰度,并对服药后血清中13C的丰度进行校正,扣除基线时血清中13C的天然丰度,以获得准确的TBS估算值10。
基于模型的房室建模结合超级受试者研究设计,在社区环境中用于估算群体总身体水分(TBS)以及在整个研究期间针对特定人群的复合系数FaS的数值12,24。该方法的一个优势在于,由模型推导出的复合系数FaS值相较于来自其他人群的已发表数值,可能为该群体中个体的TBS提供更准确的估计。此方法还为现场研究中的采血时间安排提供了更大的灵活性。例如,若受试者在其指定的RID采血时间无法配合,血液样本可在稍后时间采集,并将相应模型推导出的复合系数FaS值代入RID方程,以估算其TBS12,24。
TBS 结果可通过将 TBS 转换为肝脏维生素 A 浓度,并将该值与建议的肝脏维生素 A 浓度分界值进行比较来解读,以对从缺乏到中毒的全范围维生素 A 营养状态进行分类2. 尽管所建议的截断值表明 >1 µmol/g 肝脏表示维生素A过多症,近期研究表明在1-3 µmol/g之间未观察到不良效应,且组织病理学改变出现在 >3 µmol/g11,28. 更多数据 需要进一步研究人体肝脏维生素A浓度及其生理效应,以优化亚毒性及毒性状态分类的临界值。
尽管稳定同位素方法在评估维生素A状态时可提供总储存量(TBS)的定量估计,且被认为是评估状态的最佳方法,但由于其成本相对高于其他评估方法,且获取以下资源存在限制:稳定同位素标记的维生素A以及配制和给药所需的专业技术;用于血浆分析的质谱仪及相应专业技术;研究设计和应用TBS估算方程的专业知识;以及基于模型的血浆视黄醇动力学数据分析的专业技术,因此该方法尚未得到广泛应用。对于新使用者而言,在研究的规划、实施和分析阶段,专家咨询或合作至关重要,以确保研究成功。
尽管存在挑战,近年来稳定同位素技术方法已取得进展,促进了其在社区环境中的应用12,29。未来采用该方法的研究有望产生关于全生命周期中维生素A代谢与需求、膳食维生素A原类胡萝卜素的生物效能,以及改善维生素A缺乏风险人群维生素A营养状况的干预措施的有效性和安全性的重要新信息。
作者无任何利益冲突需要披露。
感谢 Cornelia Loechl 和 Veronica Lopez-Teros 对本实验方案所包含内容的指导。
| 姓名 | 公司 | 目录编号 | 评论 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Excel | Microsoft | Microsoft Excel | |
| 德州仪器 TI-30XIIS 科学计算器 | Texas Instruments | TI-30XIIS |
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