Method Article

一种基于导航经颅磁刺激的功能性运动定位标准化协议

DOI:

10.3791/69776

February 27th, 2026

In This Article

Summary

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本文介绍了结合nTMS结合扩散张量成像(DTI)皮质脊髓束(CST)重建的标准化运动定位方案。该方案具备可重复性、临床可行性,且易于融入常规临床工作流程,为运动通路评估、神经可塑性研究和康复规划提供坚实且有价值的框架。

Abstract

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导航经颅磁刺激(nTMS)基于整合单个脑成像数据,确定刺激线圈的精确定位,从而实现对皮层靶的解剖引导刺激。神经导航系统在重复TMS(rTMS)治疗中线圈定位优化方面广受认可。此外,nTMS在不同应用中越来越多地应用于脑区的功能定位,例如肿瘤切除前识别和区分清晰的运动和语言区域。除了优化神经外科手术的有用性外,nTMS映射还可作为监测皮层可塑性和量化各种神经疾病运动系统完整性的工具。本方法论论文提出了结合基于扩散张量成像(DTI)的皮质脊髓束(CST)重建的标准化运动定位协议。该方法能够精确描绘清晰的运动皮层区域及其皮层下投射,并检测邻近病变患者的功能重组。当该方法融入术前规划时,为个体化手术策略提供指导,旨在最大化病灶切除效果,同时保持运动功能。这里提供的方案可重复性、临床适用性强,适合融入常规工作流程。它成为神经可塑性研究和康复规划的有前景工具。

Introduction

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在最大化运动发音脑肿瘤切除范围的同时,最大限度地减少术后运动缺陷仍是神经外科的核心挑战。术中直接电刺激(DES)定位是提供关于运动通路1,2,3,4,5的皮层和皮层下表征的可靠解剖功能信息的“黄金标准”技术。然而,为了术前规划、风险分层和最佳患者咨询,术前明确个体功能解剖结构至关重要。解剖结构与皮层运动区功能之间的关系无法通过传统的结构性脑磁共振成像(MRI)推断,因为脑肿瘤可能引发显著的解剖变形或运动网络的塑性重组。

经颅磁刺激(TMS)最初作为一种非侵入性方法用于探查运动皮层6,后来被用于运动皮层7,8的功能定位,包括术前检测,通过记录不同肌肉的运动诱发电位(MEPs)进行表面肌电图9,10,11.早期非导航TMS协议技术要求高且缺乏解剖学准确性。随后与单个MRI数据和基于电场的导航整合,使刺激部位能够精确引导,提高了解剖功能准确率12,13,14,重复15,16。通过直接诱导MEP,导航TMS(nTMS)提供毫秒级的时间分辨率和亚厘米级皮质脊髓输出的空间定位,且与术中DES 17,18,19高度吻合。图像引导的nTMS安全、耐受良好20,21,并获得美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准,用于手术前运动皮层功能定位,使用时间超过15年22

在运动定位中,通过在目标刺激部位抽样MEP振幅来构建患者特异性的运动图谱23。与基于任务的功能性MRI(fMRI)相比,nTMS与术中DES242526的空间吻合更为接近。虽然术中决策最终依赖于病灶接触或侵入运动区域时的DES,但术前nTMS通过将刺激阳性位点导出为扩散张量成像(DTI)重建皮质脊髓束(CST)的种子,提供了宝贵的补充信息。当肿瘤主要影响皮层下白质运动束时,这种方法对于评估皮质脊髓完整性尤为有用 27,28此外,术前nTMS运动定位显示阳性预测值为29,30,阴性预测值为29,30,31,手术预后改善为17,18,19,32。最近也被证明是评估术后运动功能的有效工具31,33。因此,nTMS运动定位越来越多地用于神经外科的术前评估和术后随访。2017年已发表关于非经纪体监测皮层定位的方法学建议。鉴于这些最新研究及现代影像技术的整合,该方法论现在可以进一步完善,为临床和科研实践提供更准确的指导。

本文提出了一种标准化的nTMS运动定位方案,结合不同技术评估在现实临床条件下肿瘤切除规划中,运动通路的皮层和皮层下表征。

Protocol

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本研究按照国家和国际人体研究伦理指南进行。在常规护理期间收集的匿名患者数据,在护理时获得知情同意后,依法国法规进行了回顾性分析。纳入了来自健康受试者的示范数据,这些受试者是手稿的共同作者,并附有书面知情同意,允许参与并发布数据和图像。这是目前亨利·蒙多尔医院(法国克雷泰伊)和奥胡斯大学医院(丹麦)用于脑肿瘤手术术前规划的方案。

1. 神经导航所需的神经影像数据获取

  1. 通过医疗记录和患者访谈(包括颅内铁磁装置、失控癫痫、起搏器、孕期或哺乳)确认nTMS和MRI无禁忌症35
  2. 获取包含耳朵和颅顶的高分辨率解剖脑图像(无MRI耳机的折叠或变形),以便神经导航系统准确重建大脑。
    1. 请使用以下MRI序列建议:
      三维T1加权(T1w)解剖梯度回波
      1毫米各向同性体素(或更小)
      ≥1.5特斯拉MRI系统(3T优先)。
    2. 或者,可以使用以下可接受的序列:
      3D-FLAIR
      增强3D T1w
  3. 在注射对比剂前获取扩散加权成像(DWI),用于后续基于扩散张量成像(DTI)的牵引图36
    1. 使用以下最低采集参数37
      各向同性2毫米体素
      扩散编码方向:≥ 25
      B值:≈ 800 s/mm²
      非扩散加权图像:≥ 3 b0 体积(b = 0 s/mm²)
    2. 请使用以下推荐参数(以提升张量估计和引向测量):
      扩散编码方向:≥ 64
      B值:1000 s/mm2
      更高的空间分辨率(≤2毫米各向同性)

2. 准备主题

  1. 将受试者的解剖MRI图像导入神经导航系统,生成三维脑重建。
  2. 在神经导航软件中标记MRI上的关键解剖点(鼻孔、右耳、左耳)。
    1. 使用螺旋藻根部以获得更高的精度。
    2. 或者,也可以使用耳屏,但耳屏面积较大可能会增加共定位不匹配。
      注意:为了缩短运动映射,这些准备步骤可以在将受试者安装到房间前完成。
  3. 将受试者放置在舒适的扶手椅上,略微后仰(20-30°),以减少背部张力38。调整头枕以支撑头部和颈部的弹簧。
  4. 检查头部和颈部区域是否有金属物品(如耳环、发夹、穿孔),并在开始手术前将其取下。
  5. 准备额头皮肤以便放置头部追踪器。
    1. 使用酒精棉片或温和的磨料凝胶清洁皮肤。
    2. 安装追踪器前确保皮肤完全干燥。
  6. 将头部追踪器放在额头上,使其在整个刺激过程中保持稳定。
    1. 将头发放在眉毛上方、发际线下方。
    2. 可以放在中间或稍微偏侧的位置。
    3. 用胶面或橡皮筋固定追踪器。
  7. 在神经导航软件中,将患者的关键解剖点与导入图像同步登记(见 图1)。
    1. 用数字化笔标记解剖标志。
    2. 确保耳垂与头枕保持距离,以避免耳部标志位移。
    3. 如果MRI显示耳朵解剖结构变形(例如耳廓折叠),在数字化前重新定义图像对应的点。
  8. 完成后,如果误差不匹配低于3毫米,软件会验证这三个关键点。如果误差过大,请按顺序尝试以下步骤:
    1. 再次数字化患者的关键解剖部位。
    2. 重新定义MRI上左右耳的解剖部位。
    3. 在轻轻按压耳垂螺旋时进行数字化,因为MRI耳机可能使耳朵位移了几毫米。
  9. 通过数字化额外的头皮点(头皮-表面匹配)来细化配准。
  10. 验证共配准,共配准误差低于3毫米(最好为2毫米)。如果错位超过3毫米,重复步骤2.7-2.9。

figure-protocol-1
图1:患者头部与解剖MRI的共同注册。 左侧:基于地标的注册。上方面板:在神经导航软件中识别MRI上的解剖标志(左耳、鼻孔、右耳)。下面板:使用数字化笔对患者标志进行数字化。右侧:利用额外头皮点进行表面匹配细化。请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

3. 绘制肌肉的准备

  1. 在刺激时给受试者戴耳塞并佩戴保护耳罩。
  2. 用酒精棉和/或棉垫轻轻刮擦带有温和磨蚀性凝胶的皮肤,准备目标肌肉上的皮肤。
  3. 在腹部肌腱拼贴图中,像常规临床机电检测一样,将表面电极放置在目标肌肉上。最多可以同时映射六块不同的肌肉。
  4. 将接地电极放置在中性部位,如肩残端、手背面或胫骨内侧面。
  5. 把所有电极接到EMG放大器上。
  6. 开始肌电图采集,显示所有通道的连续肌电图,并确认肌肉处于休息状态。
  7. 检查EMG通道是否无过量的50/60 Hz噪声(<50 μV)。如果电噪音过大,请依次尝试以下步骤:
    1. 确认电极牢固地附着在皮肤上,没有任何脱落。
    2. 将电极电缆重新放置在椅子内部,以避免接触金属部件或地面。
    3. 将电极远端引线移开,远离神经导航系统和交流电源。
    4. 更换电极并重新安装不同的电缆方向(见步骤3.7.2和3.7.3)。
    5. 把椅子和电源断开。
    6. 将接地电极放置在与肌肉相符的同一肢体上。
    7. 按顺序重复这些步骤,直到噪声低于阈值。
  8. 当50/60 Hz噪声被最小化后,重新开始电击仪记录以重置基线。
  9. 完成这些准备步骤后,进行选定肌肉的粗略定位。
    注意:标准的定位疗程应包括每个上肢节段至少一块肌肉和两块下肢肌肉。 表1 列出了常见的肌肉分布,应根据病灶位置和患者的临床表现进行调整34
肢体肌肉替代方案
第一背骨间肌(FDI)短性诱拐(APB)
绑架者迪吉蒂·米尼米(ADM)
前臂桡腕屈肌(FCR)桡肌伸肌(ECR)
手臂 / 肩膀肱二头肌-
三角肌
腿部胫骨前肌(TA)比目星星(SOL)
幻觉外展(AH)内侧跖地(MP)
Orbicularis Oris鼻音

表1:建议运动映射的肌肉。

4. 粗糙映射以识别热点并确定静息运动阈值(RMT)

  1. 在软件中渲染的大脑体积上,逐个调整剥离深度,在15-25毫米之间,以最好地展现皮层解剖结构。目标是可视化前中心回和后中心回、中央沟以及上额沟和下额沟。
    注意:当受试者呈现“欧米伽形”手旋钮时,识别中心前回更容易40,41。然而,这个标志是不稳定的42,43。在这种情况下,推荐多种方法来识别前中心回434445
  2. 启动刺激器。
  3. 将刺激线圈(八字形)与头皮切线(见 图2)放置。
    1. 一只手握着手柄,另一只手握住弹簧,以保持与头皮的稳定接触,以便重新定位。
    2. 使用神经导航辅助工具(线圈角度、线圈与头部距离、倾斜指示器)确保每个刺激部位的线圈准确定位。
    3. 通过避免线圈倾斜,保持稳定的感应电场(EF,V/m)。
    4. 保持舒适的姿势,因为弹簧可能比较重。使用拉线臂以减少拉线张力,同时保持线圈可自由活动。
  4. 以调节强度刺激,以引发100-500 μV(峰值对峰值)振幅范围46
    注意:这通常在上肢达到最大刺激输出(MSO)的35%至45%之间,下肢则达到MSO的50%至80%。然而,这一范围适用于健康受试者,当肿瘤浸润到运动区域时,数值可能更高。
  5. 注意,粗糙映射(以及细贴图)的线圈方向取决于映射的肢体(见 图3):
    1. 对于上肢和面部:保持线圈方向垂直于中央沟(与沟相对于),以维持从后到前方向的感应电流47
      1. 对于上肢:从手把后壁的上半部(肩膀)或中部(前臂和手部肌肉)开始刺激,面向上额沟。
      2. 面部方面:开始刺激前中心回后壁,面向下额沟。检查反应延迟,确保它们来自皮质脑干管通路。面部MEP的潜伏期为7-13毫秒,而由nTMS引起的直接肌肉反应(下颌抽动)潜伏期约为3-4毫秒。
    2. 下肢:保持线圈方向垂直于矢状体中线,并以中外侧方向感应电流34。另一种线圈方向包括与矢状体中线平行(484950 )和/或垂直于中央旁小叶和前中心回的褶皱。
  6. 对中心前回进行刺激。
    1. 空间刺激点间距2-5毫米,可以是视觉效果,也可以是通过刺激网格进行。
    2. 在目视作时,取样三条横跨回的平行线。这通常就足够了。
    3. 每次刺激间隔至少1.5秒,最好采用随机刺激间隔。
  7. 如果没有得到任何反应,则相对于起始值将刺激强度增加10%,然后按之前重复。
  8. 当每块肌肉记录到20-30次反应时,停止粗糙的映射。
  9. 审查所有MEP以排除受污染的录音。
  10. 确定每个肌肉的“热点”。“热点”是激发最大振幅MEP的刺激点。为确保热点定义51的可靠性
    1. 用归一化的色彩刻度显示每块肌肉的记录。
    2. 定位振幅最高的机电处理区。
    3. 按振幅排序机电议员,从高到低。
    4. 选择该区域内振幅最高的MEP,避免异常高的单次反应(通常是前两个MEP)。
  11. 对于每个肌肉, 选择热点以确定静息运动阈值 (RMT)。这将在整个RMT测定过程中保存线圈位置和方向,确保测量52的可靠性。
  12. 分别确定每块肌肉的RMT,可使用阈值猎杀法53 ,或通过确定连续10次试验中5次诱发50μV≥MEP的最低刺激强度(百分比MSO)54(Rossini-Rothwell方法)54。在精细定位过程中,使用每块肌肉的RMT作为设定刺激强度的参考。

figure-protocol-2
图2:实验性nTMS装置。 受试者坐姿微微后仰,手臂支撑,EMG电极覆盖目标肌肉。手持八字形线圈以稳定其,以保持切向头皮接触,同时监测感应电场(箭头:方向,圆:强度)和诱发的机电处理(MEP)。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

figure-protocol-3
图3:定位过程中的神经导航界面。 实时反馈线圈位置(蓝红箭头交汇处)、线圈倾斜、电场方向(蓝到红箭头)和场强(彩色环),确保每个皮层部位的精准刺激。上面板:上肢粗略描绘,线圈垂直于中央沟。下面板:胫前肌的精细映射,线圈垂直于矢状体中线。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

5. 精细映射

  1. 确保受试者完全放松,不产生不自主的肌肉收缩。
  2. 对每个肌肉,以其RMT的105%-110%进行刺激。
    1. 使用与粗糙映射时相同的线圈方向(见步骤4.5和4.6)。
    2. 减少刺激点之间的间距(每个回4-6条平行线)。
    3. 保持刺激间隔≥1.5秒,最好是随机的。
  3. 将功能运动图谱划定为皮层区域,nTMS产生50 μV(峰值对峰)≥MEPs。
    注意:对于下肢映射,另一种方法是从上肢RMT的110%开始,并以10 V/m为单位调整EF,直到获得一致的MEP34±。
  4. 持续刺激,直到运动图谱被一两条连续的负性位点边缘,这些位点无法诱发MEP。
    1. 如果没有明确的负边界,则延长抽样范围,保持相同的间距,直到响应可靠消失。
    2. 如果正响应在异常区域扩展,检查并调整线圈角、EF和RMT。
      注意:每块肌肉的点数会根据肌肉皮层的表现和肿瘤引起的脑移程度而变化(30到100次脉冲)。
  5. 避免线圈方向导致异常机电位置或幅度。特别是,相对于中线45°的方向可能产生非常前方的上肢MEP,可能无法代表准确的运动皮层表现(47)。
  6. 确保电机映射是椭圆形的,内部有几个负位置。对于运动图谱中的负刺激点,在评估过程中不同时刻进行额外刺激,以控制运动皮层兴奋性的瞬态变化。
  7. 如果映射过程中出现许多负响应(<50微伏),请按顺序尝试以下步骤:
    1. 请让受试者保持清醒,因为这通常反映出警觉状态的降低。
    2. 检查刺激强度是否减弱。
    3. 考虑重复RMT,因为初始值可能受到瞬态高兴奋状态的影响。
  8. 如果出现许多异常高振幅的MEP(>1000微伏)且图谱过度膨胀,按顺序尝试以下步骤:
    1. 要求受试者放松肢体,必要时即使表现出持续的肌肉活动(信号反馈)。
    2. 如果肌肉活动依然存在,请受试者摇晃肢体或将其调整为更放松的姿势。如有需要,对受测肌肉进行同心被动运动(例如用物体控制手部肌肉和幻觉外展肌,或用足部支撑胫骨前肌)。
    3. 考虑重复RMT,因为初始值可能受运动皮层低兴奋性瞬态影响。

6. 机电数据的后处理分析及导出

  1. 审查并调整每个肌肉的MEP。
    1. 在神经导航软件中打开MEP审查面板或信号查看器。
    2. 检查每个录制的机电处理,以纠正幅度和延迟,并在需要时调整标记。
  2. 排除虚假或异常刺激点。
    1. 在软件中打开刺激列表或映射工作区。
    2. 去除含有伪影或线圈位置错误的刺激试验(见 图4)。
  3. 以二进制格式显示每块肌肉的运动图谱(正负;50 μV以上/以下)。
  4. 导出15、20和25毫米深度的正刺激点,采用二元DICOM格式。利用这些文件进行纤维追踪,重建CST,利用正刺激点作为牵引图的种子。
  5. 要测量其他皮层图谱参数(重心、图谱密度、运动图大小),需导出刺激剥离深度或20毫米(标准剥离深度)25,55,56,57,58。

figure-protocol-4
图4:机电数据的后处理分析。 通过复查MEP痕迹以纠正幅度和潜伏期标志,并排除伪造性试验(右侧面板:受持续肌电图活动污染的试验示例)。两个刺激(红色圆圈)显示负面区域出现“异常反应”,可能与线圈方向效应有关。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

7. 运动映射的后处理分析

  1. 将运动图的DICOM导入适合脑肿瘤切除神经外科神经导航的图像分析软件中。
  2. 将解剖图像(T1w)与电机映射DICOM和DWI进行注册。如有需要,导入并注册更多图像(如FLAIRw、SWI、T1w-钆增强版)。
  3. 从电机映射DICOM生成物体,并放大2-3毫米以提升灵敏度59
  4. 裁剪运动图以去除耳朵和鼻音,以防止纤维追踪过程中异常纤维重建。
  5. 在下桥面手动绘制结束投资回报率,即映射半球的同侧。
  6. 进行纤维追踪,使用运动图谱的ROI作为种子,桥梁ROI作为终点。常用的牵引术算法包括确定性流线追踪或概率性牵引术,具体取决于临床问题和纤维追踪结果。
    注意:使用开源扩散软件时,在进行扫描前需要进行若干预处理步骤(去噪、Gibbs伪影校正、运动和失真校正、B1偏置场校正、张量拟合和FA映射生成)。
  7. 在具体分析中调整光纤追踪参数。推荐参数为长度至少110-120毫米,最大角度30°,FA设定为FA阈值的75%(FAT,对应首批CST纤维可见的FA)60,61
  8. 在其他图像(如FLAIR、钆T1w)上对脑肿瘤进行切割,并生成对应的对象。
  9. 可以为每个肢体的部分(不同颜色)或整个运动映射显示CST。
  10. 将所有数据(皮层种子、脑神经系统、脑肿瘤对象)整合到神经外科手术室导航软件中。

Results

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我们展示了不同健康受试者及临床环境中接受运动定位的患者中,使用我们的神经导航TMS系统,展示了具有代表性的步骤及运动定位结果。CST重建使用适用于神经外科规划的成像处理软件完成,该软件支持多模态影像配准和基于DTI的牵引图。该神经导航系统集成了可导航的八字形线圈、立体定位摄像头、肌电图放大器,并通过个性化多球头模型实时可视化三维脑重建中诱导的电场。

图5 显示了通过粗糙映射确定的热点RMT结果。在整个过程中,神经导航靶的帮助,线圈的位置和方向始终保持在完全相同的位置。 6 展示了健康受试者的运动映射。左下肢(大腿、腿、脚)、上肢(肩膀、前臂、手)和面部均被绘制。正刺激位点(以MEP振幅颜色编码)和负刺激位点(灰色)区分运动皮层表征。7 展示了一名涉及前运动区域的肺癌转移患者运动定位和CST重建情况,该病因上肢运动功能缺损而显现。

figure-results-1
图5:使用神经导航TMS在健康受试者热点(第一背骨间隙)进行粗略定位和RMT测定。 通过粗糙映射(左下图)识别的热点被选为RMT的目标。在整个手术过程中,线圈的位置和方向始终保持在完全相同的位置,借助神经导航靶(右下图)的帮助。运动诱发电位(MEP)通过连续的肌电图(EMG)痕迹和历代响应获得。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

figure-results-2
图6:利用神经导航TMS绘制下肢、上肢和面部肌肉的运动皮层映射。 下肢记录的肌肉包括股四头肌(绿色)、胫前肌(橙色)、幻外展肌(黄色)。上肢记录的肌肉:小指外展肌(绿色)、桡腕屈肌(橙色)、三角肌(黄色)。面部记录的肌肉:鼻肌(蓝色)、三角肌(紫色)。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

figure-results-3
图7:神经外科规划中的运动皮层定位和CST重建。 肺癌脑转移(白色)患者的nTMS运动定位(左面板)和nTMS引导皮质脊髓束重建(右面板)。记录到的肌肉:幻外展肌(紫色)、胫前肌(蓝色)、三角肌(黄色)、桡腕屈肌(红色)、第一背骨间肌(绿色)、圆眼肌(青色)。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

Discussion

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本文提出了一种标准化且可重复的nTMS功能性运动皮层定位方案,直接适用于术前手术规划。通过结合神经导航与受试者的解剖脑重建,这一标准化方案使得在90分钟以下的检查中,根据所研究的肌肉数量,能够识别并界定运动表达的皮层区域。这种方法在运动性发音型肿瘤患者中尤为重要,因为CST的解剖重建通常受两个因素限制:(i)因质量效应和/或水肿导致的解剖位移,以及(ii)运动表征的功能重组。因此,基于固定解剖标志的解剖播种牵引图在定位皮层起点和纤维追踪过程中传播误差时可能具有误导性。功能性运动皮层定位通过使用nTMS阳性位点作为皮层种子,从而将牵引图锚定于患者当前驱动皮质脊髓输出的运动图谱上。在后处理分析中,应将运动图谱中皮层ROI扩大2-3毫米,以减少融合相关错配并标准化ROI体积(0.9±0.1cm³),减少及受试者间的变异性,提升CST束影可比性59。与基于地标的牵引图相比,nTMS种子牵引图能产生更合理且体型图谱一致的CST重建,异常流线更少,评级间变异性较低 27,61,62。与基于fMRI的播种相比,基于nTMS的牵引术在CST25邻近肿瘤患者中还能实现更合理的重建和更高的患者间一致性。它还允许从nTMS运动映射和nTMS植入的CST中提取若干指标,这些指标可能作为术后运动结局的预测因子。在皮层层面,肿瘤内存在对tTMS反应的部位与运动功能障碍风险增加相关,阳性预测值范围为50-90%30,63,64,65%。相比之下,切除nTMS阴性部位被认为是安全的,阴性预测值高,范围为90-100%30,31,65。在皮层下,肿瘤至束距<8-12毫米被确定为临界阈值,只要肿瘤未侵入前中心回,则与术后缺损风险升高相关。66,67,68,69,70,71.此外,nTMS种子CST的微观结构改变(分数各向异性降低但平均扩散率增加)也被提出作为术后缺损70的进一步风险因子。最后,基于nTMS的牵引图与更大范围的切除和延长生存期相关,同时保留运动功能,支持其纳入术前规划72

在运动映射过程中,一个对机电检测(MEP)空间分布及运动映射可解释性有强烈影响的关键参数是刺激强度(SI)。SI越高,反应概率和空间传播越大(有假阳性反应的风险),而SI不足则增加假阴性反应的风险。为最小化偏差,应相对于RMT进行标度,并在可能的情况下调整以保持稳定的目标EF。在实际作中,近阈SI在灵敏度和特异性之间取得平衡,提供接近直接电刺激映射的保守图谱。另一方面,当临床安全性优先考虑图谱边缘的敏感性,并承认更高的SI会系统性地扩展运动图73时,选择超阈值SI(例如120% RMT)是合理的。在多块肌肉的映射中,使用单一骶髂关节可能会使映射偏向最低阈值肌肉,因为相邻肌肉可能具有不同的兴奋性特征。因此,每个肌肉应估算RMT,74。另一方面,在运动定位过程中,皮层兴奋性发生显著变化,反映为MEP振幅的意外变化,需要重新估计RMT并调整SI。

在运动定位过程中使用刺激网格有助于标准化间距并促进地图量化(即通过计数活动方格)。然而,网格大小直接影响结果:大方格可能高估地图大小,而小方格则增加欠采样风险。最新证据表明,nTMS映射可以在无网格的情况下进行,采用解剖引导方法,在解剖标志和地图边缘75附近设置更密集的刺激。

从运动映射中可以推导出若干定量参数,如重心(CoG)、运动映射面积和体积。CoG 定义为坐标中的幅度加权位置,代表运动表示58 的中心。连续检查显示脑肿瘤患者认知重组发生767778的转变,显示运动皮层功能随时间重组。运动图的面积和体积代表运动图的空间范围。面积通常通过计算刺激网格上的活动方格数,或在无网格刺激中使用样条插值法,将正刺激点与光滑多项式曲线连接起来,生成连续曲面或体积56。这些指标可以通过纵向监测(随访研究或干预评估)或与对病变半球进行比较,以研究皮层运动可塑性79,80,81,82定量运动定位指标有潜力超越神经肿瘤学领域,提供神经系统完整性和疾病相关可塑性的生物标志物55,83

尽管nTMS现已在术前运动定位方面被充分建立,但仍需承认若干局限性。首先,共配准和皮层映射的准确性仍部分依赖于。需要适当的线圈作训练、头部追踪器的稳定性以及及时调整刺激,以确保技术的可靠性和可重复性,尽管先前研究表明nTMS能提供可靠的运动地形图,且专家与初学检查者之间能良好地实现作者间的一致性84。第二个限制是病灶周围水肿和肿块效应对牵引术的影响。过度的病灶周围水肿会降低基于nTMS的CST重建准确性,尤其是在病灶85附近的体素中。同样,术前数据集与实际术中解剖结构之间也可能因术中脑移位而出现差异86,87。由于脑移无法完全预防——尤其是在具有重要质量效应的肿瘤中——因此在切除后期,nTMS来源的运动区(包括皮层和皮层下)的准确性可能会下降。多种策略可以减少这些不准确性,包括限制不必要的皮层暴露、反复检查表浅解剖标志88,以及使用术中影像学,如MRI、超声或CT,结合脑部畸形矫正89,90,91,92.最后,关于安全性,nTMS在肿瘤相关癫痫患者中表现出良好的安全性。在大系列中,刺激诱发癫痫发作在术前定位93中罕见或不存在,支持该技术在采取适当预防措施时的安全性。

总体而言,nTMS为手术规划提供了临床有用的功能信息,并为多种神经或精神疾病中运动系统可塑性的纵向研究打开了道路。

Disclosures

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作者没有什么可透露的。

Acknowledgements

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这项工作得到了丹麦独立研究基金(资助编号:3165-00230B)、Aage & Johanne Louis-Hansens基金会(资助编号:25-1-17926)和Muskelsvindfonden(资助编号:2025-0010)的支持

Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
Elements 软件德国慕尼黑BrainLAB AG图像处理软件和运筹神经导航软件
神经导航TMS系统及nbsp;Nexstim,芬兰赫尔辛基NBS 5.1 系统导航TMS系统,配备八字形线圈和EMG放大器
用于肌电图记录的表面电极等;美国威斯康星州米德尔顿纳图斯9013L0453用于肌电图记录

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