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研究文章

数字健康干预对大学生压力、焦虑和抑郁的有效性:一项系统综述与荟萃分析

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DOI:

10.3791/69949

2026年1月2日

本文内容

摘要

这项系统性综述与荟萃分析表明,数字健康干预措施能显著改善学生心理健康。基于网络的项目优于应用程序,最佳干预时长为4至8周,使其成为一种有价值的、可扩展的资源。

摘要

压力、焦虑和抑郁是大学生中最常见的心理健康问题。本研究旨在系统性地综述和分析数字健康干预措施在减轻大学生压力、焦虑和抑郁方面的有效性。

检索了多个数据库(Cochrane 图书馆、Ovid Embase、Ovid MEDLINE、PubMed、Scopus 和 Web of Science 核心合集数据库),查找截至 2024 年 6 月 30 日发表的关于数字健康干预措施的随机对照试验(RCTs)。对这些试验进行了审查,并针对每项结局指标采用随机效应模型进行荟萃分析。

共纳入22项随机对照试验,涉及3,655名参与者(其中3,041名被分析)。荟萃分析显示,数字健康干预显著降低了大学生的压力、焦虑和抑郁水平(压力:WMD = -1.79;95% CI:-2.51, -1.07;P<0.001;焦虑:WMD = -1.73;95% CI:-2.20, -1.25;P<0.001;抑郁:WMD = -2.05;95% CI:-2.91, -1.19;P<0.001)。干预持续时间和干预技术在所有结局指标中均为效应量的显著调节因素(所有 P<0.001)。持续4至8周的干预措施在症状减轻方面效果最为显著(压力:WMD = -3.7,95% CI:-5.02, -2.39;焦虑:WMD = -2.77,95% CI:-3.46, -2.08;抑郁:WMD = -4.1,95% CI:-5.31, -2.89)。当与被动对照组相比时,干预措施的效应量显著更大(压力:WMD = -2.46,95% CI:-3.56, -1.36;焦虑:WMD = -2.32,95% CI:-2.89, -1.75;抑郁:WMD = -2.61,95% CI:-3.92, -1.29)。相比之下,与主动对照组比较时,对压力和抑郁的影响较小但仍具显著性,而对焦虑的影响则无显著性。

研究结果表明,数字健康干预措施在减轻大学生的压力、焦虑和抑郁方面具有显著效果。这些发现强调了在高等教育环境中实施数字健康干预措施以促进大学生心理健康的必要性。

引言

年轻人的心理健康问题已引起越来越多的关注,现已被视为一项全球性的公共卫生挑战1。大学教育旨在增强学生的智力能力,并为其成年后富有成效和成功的生活做好准备2。然而,在人生的这一特定阶段,学生常常面临多种压力源,例如离开家庭、变得更加独立、承担新的责任以及应对繁重的学业负担3。这些压力源可能对身心健康产生不利影响,导致学业表现下降、生活满意度降低、自信心减弱、辍学率上升,严重时甚至出现自杀念头4。事实上,相当一部分大学生报告感受到较高水平的感知压力,感知压力被定义为个体评估外界环境需求超出了自身的应对能力5。该人群特别容易受到压力、焦虑和抑郁的影响,从青春期晚期到成年早期是精神健康障碍发病的高峰期6。研究表明,与同龄非大学生相比,三分之一的大学生曾经历或正在经历严重的心理健康问题,表现出更高水平的抑郁、焦虑和心理困扰3。最近的一项综述指出,全球大学生中抑郁和焦虑症状的患病率分别高达33.6%和39.0%7。值得注意的是,约75%被诊断为精神障碍的成年人在25岁之前就已出现初始症状8。这一早期发病趋势尤为令人担忧,因为自杀是全球15至29岁年轻人死亡的主要原因之一9。这些研究结果共同凸显了在大学生群体中迫切需要开展针对压力、焦虑和抑郁的有效干预措施。

解决大学生中普遍存在的压力、焦虑和抑郁问题,需要采取多种方法,包括心理辅导、药物治疗、社会支持、体育锻炼以及认知行为干预10,11随着信息技术的迅速发展,基于证据的干预措施正越来越多地通过可扩展的数字平台(如智能手机应用程序、网络门户和远程治疗系统)进行传递,以补充传统的面对面服务。12“数字健康干预”指利用技术支撑的响应式方法,包括个性化健康沟通、生物特征或行为追踪,以及即时信息支持。13这些大致可分为两种模式:提供结构化心理教育项目的网络平台,以及提供针对性干预的移动健康(mHealth)应用程序 通过 针对智能手机优化的界面

青少年和年轻成年人是全球数字化参与度最高的人群,其互联网普及率达到70%(而总体人群为48%)14。以往的系统综述和荟萃分析已探讨了基于网络的正念干预、体力活动干预、计算机辅助及基于网页的干预以及其他心理治疗干预对降低大学生压力、焦虑和抑郁的作用15。例如,最近一项纳入9项随机对照试验(RCT)、共1100名参与者的系统综述,评估了在线正念干预在改善该人群心理健康结局方面的有效性16。然而,现有研究结果仍不一致。一项研究发现,移动健康应用程序“Destressify”在改善压力、焦虑或心理社会功能方面并无显著效果17。同样,Kvillemo等人报告称,正念干预相较于主动对照条件并无统计学上的显著优势18。尽管数字健康干预在促进情绪健康、提高治疗参与度以及提供一种比传统方法更具成本效益的替代方案方面具有潜力,但仍需对其整体有效性进行系统性整合,以指导资源投入和实际应用。迄今为止,尚无系统综述或荟萃分析整合针对大学生群体、涵盖不同类型数字健康干预在缓解压力、焦虑和抑郁方面的证据。

为解决这一空白,我们提出以下研究问题:(1)与主动和被动对照条件相比,数字健康干预措施在改善大学生压力、焦虑和抑郁方面是否有效?(2)数字健康干预对此人群心理健康结局的影响程度如何?(3)哪些类型的数字健康技术在缓解抑郁、焦虑和压力方面最为有效?

因此,本研究有三个主要目标。首先,评估数字健康干预措施在治疗大学生压力、焦虑和抑郁方面的有效性的证据。其次,对这些干预措施在所报告结局指标上的效果进行统计学汇总。第三,评估现有证据的质量。此外,鉴于学生群体的多样性,我们探讨了参与者特征可能如何影响干预效果。

为此,我们对测量应激、焦虑和抑郁结局的随机对照试验(RCTs)进行了系统性综述和三项荟萃分析。通过本研究,我们旨在帮助研究人员评估新兴证据、明确未来研究方向,并推动针对高校学生的有效数字化治疗方案的开发。

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方案

研究注册
本系统综述与荟萃分析方案已在 PROSPERO 注册,注册编号为 CRD 42024610457。本研究的设计与实施均遵循《系统综述和荟萃分析优先报告条目》(PRISMA)指南19

检索策略
由两名作者(XXZ 和 JZ)进行全面的文献检索,检索数据库包括 Cochrane 图书馆、Ovid Embase、Ovid MEDLINE、PubMed、Scopus 和 Web of Science 核心合集。检索时间范围涵盖各数据库建库起始日至 2024 年 6 月 30 日的所有相关文献记录。

检索策略结合了受控词汇(例如,MeSH)和关于数字健康干预、抑郁、焦虑和压力的自由文本术语。为了最大限度地检出相关研究,使用了布尔逻辑运算符(AND、OR)。检索限定为以英文发表的文献。完整的检索策略详见补充材料1中的e表1。采用Citation Chaser检索所纳入研究的参考文献列表,并查找引用了这些纳入研究的文献,以发现更多相关研究20

研究筛选与纳入标准
根据“人群、干预、对照、结局、研究设计”(PICOS)框架定义本系统评价的纳入与排除标准19 框架:人群(P):涉及大学生的研究,无论其年龄、性别或专业领域。干预措施(I):主要通过数字化方式实施的任何健康干预措施 通过 互联网或移动设备提供,旨在缓解压力、焦虑或抑郁症状的干预措施。这包括但不限于基于网络的项目、移动应用程序以及聊天机器人提供的治疗。对照(C):对照组包括等待名单对照、主动对照(例如接受非数字化的心理健康教育)、常规治疗或其他数字健康干预措施。结局指标(O):研究必须报告至少以下一项结局指标,并使用经过验证的量表进行测量:压力(例如,感知压力量表,PSS)、焦虑(例如,GAD-7)或抑郁(例如,PHQ)。研究设计(S):仅纳入随机对照试验(RCTs),以确保证据的高质量。

完成数据库检索并去除重复文献后,由两名作者(XXZ 和 JZ)独立筛选所获文献的标题和摘要。遇到任何分歧均由第三位审稿人(DZ)裁决。随后,另两位独立审稿人(DZ 和 YFC)对剩余文献的全文进行资格评估,并由第三位审稿人(JZ)作为仲裁者,就最终纳入的文献达成共识。

纳入标准涵盖了所有类型的数字健康干预措施(例如,基于网络的项目、移动应用程序),以促进对不同技术模式进行全面分析和直接比较。研究必须使用经过验证的测量量表报告与压力、焦虑或抑郁相关的结果。若研究具有以下特征,则被排除:未评估相关变量、人群超出预定范围、综述类文章、摘要、社论或通讯、动物研究或病例报告。对于报告数据不足以计算效应量的研究,即使尝试从作者处获取补充数据后仍无法满足要求的,将被排除在荟萃分析之外。会议摘要因缺乏进行高质量评估和数据提取所需的详细信息与深入的方法学描述而被排除。所有数据库的文献引用均导入至 EndNote X21 文献库(Clarivate Analytics)中。

方法学质量评估
纳入的随机对照试验(RCT)的质量由两名作者(DZ 和 YFC)根据 Cochrane 系统评价指南21独立评估。评估内容包括:(1)随机序列的产生,(2)分配隐藏,(3)对受试者和研究人员的盲法,(4)对结局评估者的盲法,(5)不完整的结局数据,(6)选择性报告,以及(7)其他类型的偏倚。每项纳入的研究在每个领域均被判断为具有"低"、"高"或"不明确"的偏倚风险。如果研究人员在四项标准中均评分为"低",且未发现严重缺陷,则该研究被判定为具有低偏倚风险。

数据提取
两名作者(JZ 和 DZ)独立提取了符合条件的研究中的以下数据:作者、发表年份、国家、参与者特征(包括年龄、样本量和各组分布)、用于评估抑郁、焦虑和压力的评估工具、数字健康干预措施(实施方式、治疗时长、对照组、意向性治疗分析、失访率)以及相关统计学数据。对于缺失数据(例如标准差)的处理流程为:在四周内尝试两次联系通讯作者以获取信息。若未收到回复,则根据 Cochrane 手册中所述方法21,利用研究所提供的标准误、置信区间或 P 值来计算标准差。两名评审者(JZ 和 DZ)通过讨论解决所有提取数据中的分歧或不一致之处;若无法达成共识,则由第三位评审者(XXZ)介入并作出最终决定。

数据合成
针对每个结局指标,对定量数据进行合成,并以加权均数差(WMD)及相应的95%置信区间(CI)表示。WMD通过合并来自每项合格研究的前后变化值(均数和标准差)计算得出。直接比较中各研究间的异质性采用I2统计量进行评估,通常将25%、50%和75%分别视为低、中和高度异质性的界值。当异质性无统计学意义时(I2< 50% 且 P > 0.1),采用固定效应模型;否则采用随机效应模型。

结果通过森林图进行可视化展示,图中显示第一作者姓名、发表年份、样本量、效应估计值及其95%置信区间,以及相应的P值 每项研究的值。亚组分析针对每个主要结局指标(压力、焦虑和抑郁)分别进行。对于每个结局指标,分析根据所使用的具体测量工具进行分层(例如,对于压力:Connor-Davidson 心理韧性量表(CD-RISC)22简式心理韧性量表(BRS)23,感知压力量表(PSS)24抑郁焦虑压力量表(DASS)-压力分量表25,26,27;用于焦虑:广泛性焦虑障碍量表(GAD)28,状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI),DASS-焦虑分量表27,29;用于抑郁:患者健康问卷(PHQ)30,贝克抑郁量表(BDI)31DASS-抑郁分量表26,27)。其他亚组变量包括:(1)干预技术:基于网络或应用程序的认知行为疗法(CBT)、基于正念的干预(MBI)、身体活动干预(PAI),以及其他不包括CBT、MBI和PAI的心理干预(OPI);(2)指导形式:仅提醒、仅反馈、混合形式(提醒+反馈)或无指导;(3)干预方式:智能手机应用程序、基于网络的平台/项目,或其他方式;(4)治疗持续时间:≤ 4周, > 4 到 < 8 周或 ≥ 8 周;(5)招募途径:在线、混合、校园内或未明确说明;(6)对照组类型:主动或被动。被动对照组不接受任何干预,用于控制疾病自然病程及安慰剂效应。相比之下,主动对照组接受替代性、标准或安慰剂干预,以控制干预过程中的非特异性效应。发表偏倚的评估通过检查漏斗图不对称性并进行Egger回归检验来完成。若视觉上存在不对称性且Egger检验结果具有显著性,则认为存在偏倚。P < 0.05)。Egger 检验仅针对包含 10 个或更多研究的结局指标进行,以确保检验的效能32主要数据分析,包括森林图和漏斗图的生成,使用 Review Manager(RevMan)5.3 版软件完成。此外,采用 Stata 18 版进行发表偏倚的统计学评估(Egger 检验)。

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结果

最初从六个数据库中识别出共计 20,975 篇可能相关的研究。去除 7,374 篇重复文献后,剩余 13,601 篇研究进入筛选阶段。其中,13,548 篇根据标题和摘要被排除。其余 53 篇研究进行了全文评估以判断其纳入资格。在此评估之后,有 31 篇研究因以下原因被排除:(1)使用未经验证或不合适的测量量表(n = 7);(2)干预措施不符合纳入标准(n = 5);(3)出版物类型错误(n = 1);(4)研究结果与本分析无关(n = 3);(5)研究人群不符合综述范围(n = 1);(6)非随机对照研究设计(n = 5);(7)缺乏可用于效应量计算或荟萃分析的足够数据(n = 9)。因此,最终共有 22 项随机对照试验(RCT)被纳入系统综述。研究筛选流程详见图 1

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讨论

本项荟萃分析共纳入22项随机对照试验(RCT),涉及3,655名参与者,旨在评估数字健康干预措施在减轻大学生压力、焦虑和抑郁方面的有效性。作为一种可扩展、低成本且易于获取的心理支持形式,数字健康干预在大学生群体中展现出强大的实施潜力。我们的系统综述与荟萃分析表明,数字健康干预可显著降低学生的压力、焦虑和抑郁水平。基于网络的干预项目总体上比智能手机应用程序更有效,而持续4至8周的中期干预时长对上述三种心理健康指标均能带来最大益处。总体而言,数字健康干预为心理支持提供了一种灵活且保密的渠道,是对传统校园心理健康服务的有力补充。

本研究发现,干预技术在所有三项结果中均起到了显著的效应调节作用。与对照条件相比,在线认知行为疗法(CBT)和正念干预(MBIs)均显著减轻了压力和抑郁,这与以往研究的结果一致17,20,21,33,...

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披露

作者声明不存在利益冲突。

致谢

本研究由江西省教育厅启动的省级一流课程“医学统计学”项目(003031604)以及大学生创新创业训练计划项目“基于多理论模型(MTM)的移动健康干预:声疗缓解大学生焦虑”(2404230055)资助。詹星欣和黄丽琴:构想并设计了研究。詹星欣、曾菊、朱丹和陈一凡:实施研究并分析数据。詹星欣:撰写论文。所有作者均对稿件进行了修改。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
EndNote ClarivateX21用于文献管理和筛选的软件
Review Manager (RevMan) 科克伦协作组织5.3用于荟萃分析的软件
stataStataCorp LLC18用于统计分析和数据管理的软件

参考文献

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