Halogenated Nucleotides
Halogenated Nucleotides - Related Videos
03:01
Halogens
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2020
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. The halogens are not found as single atoms but exist as diatomic molecules. The atomic radius increases from fluorine to iodine. The valence shell...
06:44
From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Cited by 2 •
2018
A protocol for the synthesis of a new type of mesogens, based on the halogen-bonded supramolecular anion [CnF2n+1-I···I···I-CnF2n+1]−, is reported.
02:46
Halogenation of Alkenes
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2025
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride. Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate. A...
01:46
Nucleotide Excision Repair
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2020
Exposure to mutagens can damage DNA and result in bulky lesions that distort the double-helix structure or impede proper transcription. Damaged DNA can be detected and repaired in a process called nucleotide excision repair (NER). NER employs a set of specialized proteins that first scan DNA to detect a damaged region. Next, NER proteins separate the strands and excise the damaged area. Finally, they coordinate the replacement with new, matching nucleotides.DNA distortion and damageCells are...
01:38
Nucleotide Excision Repair
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2023
DNA Distortion and Damage Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
FAQs
A halogen can alter the nucleotide’s molecular mass, chemical reactivity, and recognition by cellular binding proteins or antibodies. Once incorporated during replication or repair, these changes create measurable differences between modified and unmodified nucleic acids. Researchers can therefore use the analog as a molecular signal while also examining how the substitution affects nucleic acid behavior.
Different halogenated nucleotides provide chemical substitutions that can modify nucleic acid properties in experimentally useful ways. The relevant effect may be a change in mass, reactivity, or molecular recognition rather than simply the presence of the halogen. Selecting a particular analog allows researchers to emphasize the type of alteration most suitable for tracking or mechanistic analysis.
When cells incorporate a modified nucleotide during DNA replication or repair, the labeled material marks sites or periods of nucleic acid synthesis. Selective incorporation helps distinguish newly synthesized or repaired DNA from preexisting material. This distinction supports analysis of genome replication and repair activity without relying only on indirect changes in cell behavior.
Researchers provide cells with a halogenated nucleotide that can be incorporated during DNA synthesis, then identify the incorporated analog through its altered molecular properties or recognition by binding proteins and antibodies. The resulting signal indicates where synthesis occurred. This approach can reveal DNA production in experimental samples and help compare synthesis under different biological conditions.
Cells undergoing proliferation actively replicate their DNA, creating opportunities to incorporate suitable halogenated nucleotides. Detecting the analog therefore identifies cells that engaged in DNA synthesis during the experimental interval. In biology research, this provides a way to distinguish proliferating cells from cells without detectable replication activity and to relate cell growth patterns to genome duplication.
Their selective incorporation supports investigations of mutagenesis, gene regulation, and nucleic acid structure, while their altered recognition and reactivity enable researchers to examine molecular interactions. The same principles also inform development of therapeutic nucleotide analogs. These applications extend the technique from tracking synthesis to studying how modified nucleic acids influence biological processes and experimental outcomes.