Primary Macrophages
Primary Macrophages - Related Videos
02:57
Transfecting Primary Macrophages with Modified mRNA
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2025
This video demonstrates the process of transfecting primary macrophages with modified mRNA encoding green fluorescent protein. These modified mRNAs, designed to reduce immunogenicity and improve its stability, ensure the successful transfection and subsequent expression of green fluorescent proteins, which is confirmed through fluorescence microscopy.
03:05
In Vitro Culture and Differentiation of Primary Monocytes into Macrophages
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2025
This video demonstrates the priming of primary monocytes into macrophages. Primary human monocytes can be isolated and differentiated to an M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype using the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or to an M2-like anti-inflammatory phenotype using the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF).
06:27
An Assay to Quantify Cytosolic and Vacuolar Salmonella in Infected Primary Macrophages
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2025
This video demonstrates an assay to quantify cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium inside bone marrow-derived macrophages using differential permeabilization. The macrophages are infected with a fluorescent protein-expressing Salmonella, which is internalized inside a specialized vacuolar structure called Salmonella-containing vacuole or SCV. A subset of bacteria escape the SCV and enter the cytosol. The cholesterol-rich plasma membrane of macrophages is permeabilized using digitonin,...
09:25
Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization
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Cited by 19 •
2015
We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.
08:10
A Simple and Efficient Method to Isolate Macrophages from Mixed Primary Cultures of Adult Liver Cells
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Cited by 19 •
2011
A novel method to obtain macrophages from primary culture of rat liver cells is described. This method utilizes the proliferation of macrophages in the culture, followed by shaking of culture flasks and purification by selective attachment to plastic dishes. This technique efficiently provides liver macrophages without complex equipment and skills.
FAQs
Recognition of particles or pathogens through surface receptors initiates intracellular signaling that changes gene transcription and cytokine production. This allows researchers to examine how specific genetic regulators control inflammatory responses after a defined stimulus. Measuring transcriptional or cytokine changes can therefore link receptor activation with downstream immune phenotypes in a physiologically relevant cellular setting.
Cells obtained from different donors or tissues may retain distinct biological characteristics, which can influence baseline gene expression and responses to stimulation. This variation can reveal context-dependent effects of genetic variants or perturbations, but it also complicates comparisons. Experimental designs should account for the source of the cells when interpreting differences in immune or transcriptional outcomes.
Environmental signals provide controlled conditions for testing whether a gene, variant, or engineered perturbation changes cellular behavior. Comparing stimulated and unstimulated macrophages can show whether an effect is constitutive or depends on inflammatory activation. This approach helps distinguish genetic influences on baseline expression from effects that emerge only during a particular immune response.
Researchers obtain the cells directly from tissue or generate them by differentiating precursor cells, then maintain them under controlled conditions before applying selected stimuli. They can subsequently measure gene expression, signaling activity, or cytokine production. The workflow connects cellular treatment to measurable genetic and immune outcomes while preserving the relevant physiological context described by the cell source.
These cells support studies of gene expression, signaling pathways, genetic variants, and engineered perturbations associated with immune responses. Investigators can ask whether a genetic change alters transcription, cytokine production, or responses to particles and pathogens. Their native cellular context is especially useful when the goal is to connect gene function with inflammatory or immune phenotypes.
Primary macrophages have a limited lifespan, and their differentiation can vary, creating potential differences in cell state and experimental response. They may better represent donor- or tissue-specific biology than immortalized lines, but that biological realism requires careful design. Researchers should interpret results in light of cell source, differentiation consistency, and the controlled stimulation conditions used.