Vacuolar Bacteria
Vacuolar Bacteria - Related Videos
09:25
Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization
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Cited by 19 •
2015
We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.
06:27
An Assay to Quantify Cytosolic and Vacuolar Salmonella in Infected Primary Macrophages
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2025
This video demonstrates an assay to quantify cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium inside bone marrow-derived macrophages using differential permeabilization. The macrophages are infected with a fluorescent protein-expressing Salmonella, which is internalized inside a specialized vacuolar structure called Salmonella-containing vacuole or SCV. A subset of bacteria escape the SCV and enter the cytosol. The cholesterol-rich plasma membrane of macrophages is permeabilized using digitonin,...
13:55
Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions
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Cited by 40 •
2013
Vacuolar and cytosolic pH can be measured in live yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells using ratiometric fluorescent dyes localized to specific cellular compartments. We describe procedures for measuring vacuolar pH with BCECF-AM, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast, and cytosolic pH with a cytosolic ratiometric pH-sensitive GFP (yeast pHluorin).
10:39
Single Cell Measurements of Vacuolar Rupture Caused by Intracellular Pathogens
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Cited by 22 •
2013
We describe a method for tracking the endomembrane rupture elicited by the intracellular bacteria Shigella flexneri and Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon host cell invasion. Our assay makes use of CCF4, a host cytoplasmic FRET probe in live or fixed cells. This reporter is degraded by an enzyme activity present on the bacterial surface.
10:57
Culturing and Enumerating Bacteria from Soil Samples
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2023
Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - The University of Arizona Demonstrating Authors: Bradley Schmitz and Luisa Ikner Surface soils are a heterogeneous mixture of inorganic and organic particles that combine together to form secondary aggregates. Within and between the aggregates are voids or pores that visually contain both air and water. These conditions create an ideal ecosystem for bacteria, so all soils contain vast populations of bacteria, usually over 1 million...
FAQs
Vacuolar bacteria can establish intracellular niches by altering endosomal trafficking, phagosome maturation, membrane fusion, and acidification. These processes normally determine how internalized material is routed and degraded, so changing them can prevent delivery to lysosomal destruction or create conditions compatible with bacterial survival. The resulting compartment is therefore an active product of host-pathogen interaction, not simply a passive enclosure.
Manipulating acidification can help vacuolar bacteria avoid lysosomal destruction. Because acidification is one of the host-cell processes involved in compartment maturation and antimicrobial activity, its alteration changes the conditions encountered inside the vacuole. Studying this variable helps investigators connect a bacterial survival strategy with the intracellular environment and identify host-pathogen interactions relevant to antimicrobial development.
Localization within a vacuole shapes immunity in several connected ways. It influences how innate immune systems detect infection, how cytokines are produced, and how bacterial material enters antigen-presentation pathways for adaptive responses. These effects also contribute to inflammatory responses, meaning that the intracellular compartment can affect not only bacterial persistence but also the quality and intensity of host immune activation.
Studies of vacuolar bacteria help researchers analyze pathogen persistence at the point where bacterial survival and host-cell regulation intersect. By examining trafficking, phagosome maturation, membrane fusion, or acidification, investigators can relate intracellular events to protected-niche formation and immune evasion. This provides a framework for interpreting why some intracellular infections remain difficult for host defenses to eliminate.
Findings from this field can inform antimicrobial development, vaccine design, and strategies for treating intracellular infections. The relevant goal is not only to target the bacterium, but also to understand the host-cell compartment that supports persistence and the immune responses associated with it. That combined perspective can guide interventions aimed at bacterial survival, immune evasion, or both.
Within immunology and infection research, vacuolar bacteria provide a model for linking cellular microbiology with innate and adaptive defense. Investigators can ask how intracellular localization changes cytokine production, antigen presentation, and inflammation, then relate those outcomes to persistence or clearance. This context helps explain why immune responses may be shaped by where bacteria reside inside host cells.