Ductal Continuity
Ductal Continuity - Related Videos
03:21
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07:08
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05:04
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07:13
Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer
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Cited by 27 •
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Activation of latent mutations with adenovirus-Cre into the mammary ductal system results in a clinically relevant metastatic breast cancer. Incorporation of a YFP promoter allows tracking of distal metastatic tumor cells. This model is useful to study latent metastasis, anti-tumor immunity, and for designing novel immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.
09:40
Batch and Continuous Bioreactors
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2023
Bioreactors are used to grow organisms in large volumes, thereby enabling the production of mass quantities of the target product. These reactors can be batch reactors, which contain all of the components needed for cell growth, or continuous reactors, which have inlet and outlet ports allowing for the addition of fresh growth media and the removal of cell waste. This video presents batch and continuous reactors and demonstrates the use of bioreactors to grow bacteria in the laboratory.
FAQs
During fetal life, high pulmonary vascular resistance limits blood flow through the lungs, so much of the right ventricular output is directed through the ductus into systemic circulation. Ductal continuity therefore supports the fetal distribution of blood between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta. Its importance changes after birth as pulmonary circulation and oxygenation change.
Postnatal closure is promoted by two linked changes: oxygen levels rise, while prostaglandin signaling falls. These signals cause the ductus arteriosus to constrict, shifting circulation away from the fetal pathway. Understanding this transition helps clinicians distinguish expected closure from continued patency, which may indicate patent ductus arteriosus or another congenital heart context.
Normal physiology uses the ductus before birth and then closes it after birth. Patent ductus arteriosus describes persistence of that connection when closure would normally be expected. Ductal-dependent lesions represent a different clinical concern: blood flow through the ductus remains important for pulmonary or systemic circulation, so maintaining patency can be temporarily necessary.
During echocardiographic assessment, clinicians determine whether a connection remains between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta and consider that finding alongside suspected congenital heart disease. This can help characterize patent ductus arteriosus and ductal-dependent lesions. The resulting information supports recognition of whether ductal flow may be relevant to pulmonary or systemic circulation.
Prostaglandin E1 can be used to maintain ductal patency when a ductal-dependent lesion makes continued ductal flow important. Its role is supportive and temporary rather than definitive: it helps sustain pulmonary or systemic blood flow while clinicians arrange definitive treatment. This makes ductal assessment clinically important when congenital heart disease is suspected.
Assessment becomes particularly important in congenital heart disease because the same anatomical pathway can have different clinical implications depending on whether it closes or remains open. Echocardiographic identification of continuity helps characterize the condition, while recognition of ductal dependence indicates whether preserving the vessel may support pulmonary or systemic blood flow.