来源:Tracey A. Milligan,医学博士;Tamara B. Kaplan,医学博士;神经病学,美国马萨诸塞州波士顿市,布莱根妇女医院/麻省总医院
运动功能异常与多种疾病相关,从运动障碍和肌病到脑卒中均可见到。运动功能评估首先从观察患者开始。当患者进入检查区域时,临床医生应观察其无辅助行…
1. 观察。
2. 肌束震颤与肌束。
3. 肌张力的评估。
4. 肌肉功能筛查测试。
有一些简单的测试有助于筛查运动无力,例如观察患者行走以及检测旋前漂移。这些测试可帮助医生判断是否存在无力(即使是轻微的)。
5. 正式肌肉功能测试。
进行正规的肌肉检查时,需牢记支配每块肌肉的脊神经根。检查过程中,应观察患者完成各项测试的动作,并按照0到5级的分级标准(表1)评估肌力。检查肌力的一般原则包括:鼓励患者尽力配合,固定关节并使目标肌群在单一关节处独立作用,比较左右两侧的差异,以及识别肌力减弱的模式(例如,上运动神经元性、近端与远端肌力减弱的差异)。

表1. 肌肉力量分级表。 临床实践中用于描述肌肉力量的评分系统(从0到5分)表格。
1. 观察。
2. 肌束震颤与肌束。
3. 肌张力的评估。
4. 肌肉功能筛查测试。
有一些简单的测试有助于筛查运动无力,例如观察患者行走以及检测旋前漂移。这些测试可帮助医生判断是否存在无力(即使是轻微的)。
5. 正式肌肉功能测试。
进行正规的肌肉检查时,需牢记支配每块肌肉的脊神经根。检查过程中,应观察患者完成各项测试的动作,并按照0到5级的分级标准(表1)评估肌力。检查肌力的一般原则包括:鼓励患者尽力配合,固定关节并使目标肌群在单一关节处独立作用,比较左右两侧的差异,以及识别肌力减弱的模式(例如,上运动神经元性、近端与远端肌力减弱的差异)。

表1. 肌肉力量分级表。 临床实践中用于描述肌肉力量的评分系统(从0到5分)表格。
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Q1: What are the main components of a systematic motor assessment?
A systematic motor assessment includes inspection for muscle atrophy and abnormal movements, assessment of muscle tone, muscle strength testing, and examination of muscle reflexes and coordination. This comprehensive approach helps clinicians identify the level at which the motor pathway is affected and formulate an accurate differential diagnosis for treatment planning.
Q2: Why is patient observation important at the beginning of a motor exam?
Initial observation of the patient's gait, speed, and coordination while walking provides valuable diagnostic clues before formal testing begins. Clinicians can also detect tremors or abnormal movements such as chorea or tardive dyskinesia during history-taking, which helps focus the rest of the examination and guide subsequent evaluation.
Q3: What conditions can motor system abnormalities indicate?
Motor function abnormalities are associated with a wide range of diseases including movement disorders, myopathies, and strokes. Systematic testing of the motor system and integration of all findings provide insight into which level of the motor pathway is affected, enabling clinicians to determine the appropriate course of evaluation and treatment.
Q4: How does muscle strength testing fit into the overall motor exam?
Muscle strength testing is a core component of the systematic motor assessment, performed after inspection and tone evaluation. Combined with reflex coordination gait and station testing, strength assessment helps localize the lesion within the motor pathway and supports differential diagnosis formulation for targeted clinical management.
Q5: What role does muscle tone assessment play in motor examination?
Muscle tone assessment is a systematic component performed after inspection for atrophy and abnormal movements. Evaluating tone helps clinicians detect abnormalities in the motor pathway and contributes to the overall clinical picture needed to formulate a differential diagnosis and guide appropriate treatment decisions.
Q6: How do abnormal movements observed during history-taking contribute to diagnosis?
Observing abnormal movements like chorea or tardive dyskinesia during patient history provides important diagnostic clues that help focus the motor examination. These simple but valuable observations, combined with systematic testing of muscle atrophy, tone, strength, and reflexes, enable clinicians to identify the affected motor pathway level and determine the differential diagnosis.