腹部考试 III: 触诊
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Q1: What is the difference between light and deep abdominal palpation?
Light palpation is superficial, pressing to approximately 1 cm depth to identify superficial organs, masses, and abdominal wall crepitus. Deep palpation applies firm pressure to examine internal organs like the liver, kidneys, spleen, and stomach, and can detect organomegaly and aortic aneurysm. Both techniques are essential for comprehensive abdominal assessment.
Q2: How should you position and prepare a patient before performing abdominal palpation?
Position the patient supine with proper draping to maintain modesty. Explain the procedure and obtain consent. Ask the patient to identify painful areas and examine those last to minimize guarding. Encourage abdominal relaxation by having the patient bend their knees and breathe with their abdomen. These measures reduce voluntary muscle resistance and improve exam accuracy.
Q3: What technique should you use when examining the liver during abdominal palpation?
Place your right hand lateral to the rectus muscle below the liver's percussed border, fingers oriented cephalad. Ask the patient to take a deep breath; the liver descends and its edge meets your fingertips. Continue moving upward to feel the edge, typically a few centimeters below the right costal margin. Note the edge's texture and regularity as you palpate.
Q4: How do you detect an enlarged spleen during palpation?
A normal spleen is rarely palpable, but an enlarged spleen displaces downward below the rib cage and medially across the abdomen. Starting in the left lower quadrant, move your fingers slightly upward with each inspiration and expiration, pressing downward and toward the patient's head. If not felt initially, repeat with the patient lying on their right side.
Q5: What is the two-hand palpation technique and when should it be used?
In two-hand palpation, place your non-dominant hand on top of your dominant hand. Keep the lower hand relaxed and press with the upper hand's fingers on the distal phalangeal joints of the lower hand. This technique is useful in obese patients or when voluntary muscle resistance is present, allowing one hand to produce pressure while the other feels the underlying structures.
Q6: How do you perform kidney palpation to detect enlargement?
Position your left hand at the costophrenic angle and palpate with your right hand pressing forward, attempting to capture the kidney between your hands. Ask the patient to take a deep breath and feel for the kidney on inspiration. If felt, ask the patient to exhale and hold their breath to feel the kidney return to its expiratory position. Repeat on the left side.
Q7: What information does abdominal palpation provide during patient assessment?
Abdominal palpation identifies areas of tenderness, organomegaly, and tumors, providing valuable information about problem localization and severity. It integrates findings from history and other abdominal exam components to guide subsequent diagnostic steps. For skilled examiners, palpation assesses both large superficial organs and smaller deeper structures, though patient anatomy may affect examination difficulty.