你是聪明还是勤劳？赞美是如何影响儿童的动机

A fixed mindset is the belief that intelligence and abilities cannot change, even with effort. People with this mindset avoid challenges because they think failure means they lack ability. A growth mindset, by contrast, holds that skills improve through hard work. People with a growth mindset persist through difficulty and view challenges as opportunities to develop.

Praise focused on ability, such as telling a child they are smart, can foster a fixed mindset and reduce persistence when tasks become difficult. Conversely, praising effort—saying a child worked hard—encourages a growth mindset and increases motivation to persist through challenges. The type of praise adults give shapes how children perceive their own abilities.

Tangram puzzles consist of simple shapes with straightforward instructions and can vary in difficulty, making them ideal for assessing motivation and persistence. Researchers can measure how many puzzles children complete in a set time, then track whether performance changes after a failure experience. This design allows clear observation of how praise affects subsequent effort.

Children praised for effort show increased performance on easier puzzles after failing on hard ones, suggesting they remain motivated to persist. Children praised for ability tend to perform worse after failure, interpreting difficulty as evidence they lack the required skill. This demonstrates how mindset shapes resilience and willingness to try again.

Teachers can encourage persistence in challenging subjects like sciences by praising effort rather than ability. Coaches can motivate athletes by criticizing practice time instead of natural talent, making improvement feel achievable. This approach fosters a growth mindset in students and athletes, increasing their willingness to tackle difficult tasks and persist through setbacks.

Yes, mindsets are malleable at any age and can shift from fixed to growth over time. Psychologists are exploring how praising effort in workplace settings can foster a growth mindset in employees, improving job satisfaction and productivity. Adults, like children, respond to feedback that emphasizes the value of hard work and continuous improvement.

The study uses three puzzle sets: an initial medium-difficulty set establishes baseline performance, a very difficult set creates a failure experience, and a final medium-difficulty set measures post-failure performance. Random assignment to praise conditions and timed trials ensure controlled measurement. This design isolates the effect of praise type on motivation and persistence.