来源:Ali Bazzi,康涅狄格大学电气工程系,斯托尔斯,康涅狄格州。
三相绕线转子同步发电机是全球电能的主要来源。它们需要原动机和励磁机才能发电。原动机可以是由流体(气体或液体)驱动旋转的涡轮机,因此该流体的来源可以是通过长喷嘴从水坝流下的水,也可以是通过燃烧煤炭蒸发水产生的蒸汽等。大多数发电厂…
1. 原动肌初始化
本实验中的原动机是测功机,它作为电机运行,带动发电机转子(励磁绕组)旋转。

图1:三相同步发电机实验的示意图装置。 请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。
2. 将同步发电机与电网同步
3. 磁场电流变化的影响
4. 拆卸装置
在拆卸装置前,应遵循以下步骤:
三相交流同步发电机是全球发电厂电力生产的核心设备,常用于稳定电网。将同步发电机的相序、电压幅值和频率与电网中的参数匹配至关重要。如果发电机与电网相位不同步,则无法输送电能。尽管大型发电厂通常使用自动同步装置,但本文将演示一种简单的手动同步方法。本视频将介绍三相同步发电机,并展示调节电压和频率输出以实现发电机与电网手动同步的操作步骤。
交流同步电机由内部旋转的核心(即转子)和外部静止的环形结构(即定子)组成。转子磁场由施加的直流电压产生,保持静止。定子磁场则通过三相交流电激励产生,每相分别连接到各自独立的一组定子线圈。这会感应出一个幅值恒定、旋转频率与电源电流振荡相对应的旋转磁场。定子与转子的磁场相互耦合,使转子以与定子旋转磁场完全相同的速度旋转。有关交流同步电机特性的更多信息,请观看 JoVE 科学教育视频《交流同步电机特性表征》。当同步电机作为发电机运行时,原动机对转子施加转矩,导致转子与定子磁场之间产生角度偏移。若施加的转矩阻碍转子运动,电机会从系统吸收无功功率,以恢复同步状态;若施加的转矩促进旋转,使电机处于过励状态,则发电机向系统输送有功功率。可采用三灯法直观判断发电机是否以与电网相同的电压幅值、频率和相序输出电能。对于同步发电机,频率通过调节原动机的转速进行控制。若发电机与系统电源相位不同步,指示灯将闪烁;当电压匹配时,差值为零,三个灯将同时熄灭和点亮。在已了解同步发电机基本原理的基础上,接下来将演示交流同步发电机与电网的手动同步过程。
首先,将直流电动机或测功机初始化作为原动机。检查三相断路开关、同步电机和直流电机是否均处于关闭状态。将可变变压器(Variac)调至0%,并将其连接至三相电源插座。接着,按照图示连接实验装置。然后,打开同步电机上的三相开关。最后,确保开关S1和三个灯泡以并联方式连接,并注意数字功率计探头的极性。随后,检查启动-运行开关是否处于“启动”位置。在S1断开的情况下,将RF调节至最大电阻值。打开三相断路开关,然后开启高压直流电源。接着,按下电源上的VI显示按钮,以显示当前的工作电压和电流,并调节电压至15伏。然后,按下直流电源面板上的“START”按钮。此时,测功机应从直流电源中产生较大的瞬态电流。但如果过流保护(OCT)指示灯亮起,则需提高过流保护限值。现在可观察到同步电机缓慢旋转。最后,将直流电源的输出电压升高至约160伏,并使用频闪灯技术测量轴的旋转速度。接着,调节电源电压,使转速达到1,800 RPM。然后记录直流电流和电压值。
现在使用三灯法,结合如图所示的完整装置对发电机进行同步。将同步电机侧的启动运行开关拨至“运行”位置,并检查三个指示灯是否亮起。接下来,逐步调节电源电压的RF,使发电机输出电压达到120伏。将数字功率表上VG的频率调节至60 Hz,允许偏差为±2%。然后略微调高Variac输出至120伏。此时,电网和发电机均以60 Hz的频率提供120伏电压。记录两个功率表上的电压、电流和功率读数,包括正负号。最后,通过观察指示灯的亮灭模式来确认或调整同步状态。在三灯法中,当达到目标交流电压后,三个灯应同时亮起和熄灭。如果电网的相序为A、B、C,而电机侧的相序为A、C、B,则灯的亮灭周期不会同步,因为三相电压在任意时刻均无法同时使灯两端电压之和为零。如果三个灯交替闪烁且不同步,则表明发电机与电网在这一组灯之间具有不同的相序。需识别出两者的相序,分别为ABC和ACB。为调整相序,首先将Variac调回0%,并在电源控制面板上按下“停止”按钮。待直流电压降至15伏后,交换发电机侧的B相和C相接线。如果三个灯同时变亮和变暗,则表明发电机与电网具有相同的相序,已正确同步。否则,需重复进行相序调整。在所有灯同时熄灭的瞬间,闭合开关S1。此时所有灯应保持熄灭状态,因为S1已在其两端形成短路。发电机至此与电网实现同步。
同步电机在工业应用中常用于稳定电力。电机的功率因数可表明其在特定条件下是否能够提供无功功率,从而通过储存和释放能量来稳定电网。当以这种方式运行时,该电机被称为同步调相机。在利用风能作为可再生能源时,风力涡轮机是同步发电机的原动机。为防止发电机在高负载下失速,通过调节涡轮机叶片的角度,以在变化的风速下优化转速。为了将产生的风能输送到电网,风力涡轮机采用自动同步装置接口,以安全地向供电线路输送电能。
您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于交流同步电机同步的简介。现在您应该理解如何调节三相同步发电机的电压和频率输出,手动将发电机与电网同步,并测量励磁电流和转速变化对发电机输出功率的影响。感谢观看!
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Q1: What are the main components of an AC synchronous machine?
AC synchronous machines consist of a rotating inner core called the rotor and a stationary outer ring called the stator. The rotor's magnetic field is induced by applied DC voltage, while the stator's magnetic field is excited using three-phase alternating current. Each phase connects to its own separate set of stator coils, creating a rotating magnetic field that couples with the rotor, causing it to spin at the same speed as the stator's rotating field.
Q2: How does frequency control work in synchronous generators?
Frequency in synchronous generators is controlled through prime mover speed variation. The prime mover applies torque to the rotor, and adjusting its speed directly controls the generator's output frequency. When the generator and system power are out of phase, the lamps flicker. Matching the frequency to the grid requires careful speed adjustment to achieve the desired output frequency, typically 60 Hz.
Q3: What is the three lamp method used for in synchronous generator synchronization?
The three lamp method provides visual confirmation that a generator delivers power at the same voltage magnitude, frequency, and phase sequence as the power grid. When voltage is matched correctly, a zero differential voltage causes all three lamps to turn off and on simultaneously. If lamps flicker out of sync, the generator and grid have different phase sequences and require phase adjustment before synchronization is complete.
Q4: What happens when a synchronous generator is out of phase with the grid?
When a synchronous generator is out of phase with the grid, it cannot deliver power. Matching the phase sequences, voltage magnitudes, and frequencies of the generator to those of the network is essential for proper operation. If the applied torque opposes rotor motion, the machine absorbs reactive power from the system to restore synchronization. Conversely, if torque boosts rotation, the generator delivers power to the system.
Q5: How do you adjust voltage output during manual synchronization?
During manual synchronization, adjust the field resistance (RF) on the DC supply to control the generator's voltage output. Iteratively modify RF to achieve the desired generator voltage, typically 120 volts to match the grid. Once the grid and generator both provide 120 volts at 60 Hz, record voltage, current, and power readings on both power meters, including polarity signs, to confirm proper synchronization.
Q6: What is a synchronous condenser and how does it stabilize the power grid?
A synchronous condenser is a synchronous machine functioning to stabilize power in industrial applications. The machine's power factor demonstrates whether it can deliver reactive power under certain conditions, storing and releasing energy to stabilize the grid. This capability allows synchronous machines to support grid voltage and frequency stability by absorbing or supplying reactive power as needed.
Q7: How are wind turbines synchronized with the power grid?
Wind turbines use an automatic synchronizer interface to transmit generated power safely to utility lines. The wind power turbine serves as the prime mover of the synchronous generator. To prevent the generator from stalling at high loads, turbine rotor blade angles are differentially controlled to optimize rotation rate in variable wind speeds, ensuring stable synchronization with the grid.