来源:Robert E. Sallis,医学博士,美国加利福尼亚州丰塔纳凯撒医疗中心
腕关节是一个复杂的关节,由8块腕骨及其众多的关节面和韧带构成。腕部表面覆盖着手和手指的肌腱与肌肉。手部由5块掌骨组成,延伸至手部的肌腱走行于这些掌骨的表面。最后,手指由14节指骨构成,其关节由侧副韧带和掌板连接固定…
1. 检查
检查双手及手腕,对比两侧,并观察以下情况:
2. 触诊
列表 1. 通过触诊检查的腕部结构
3. 活动范围
关节活动度(ROM)应首先进行主动评估,必要时再进行被动评估。正常活动通常遵循以下模式 "90法则" 腕部和手指。比较两侧,观察关节活动范围是否存在受限。
4. 强度测试:
在进行以下测试时,注意是否存在任何疼痛或无力感:
5. 运动功能检查
使用以下测试评估手部运动功能:
6. 循环
7. 感觉
通过检查轻触觉、针刺觉和两点辨别觉(指腹处7 mm或以上)来评估感觉。具体检查以下部位:拇指尖(正中神经);小指末端(尺神经);手背(桡神经)。
8. 韧带与肌腱测试
对损伤区域的韧带施加应力以评估是否存在可能的断裂非常重要。常见的损伤韧带包括:
9. 特殊检测
有几种重要的、针对特定诊断的检查方法,常用于腕关节和手部的评估。这些检查包括:
1. 检查
检查双手及手腕,对比两侧,并观察以下情况:
2. 触诊
列表 1. 通过触诊检查的腕部结构
3. 活动范围
关节活动度(ROM)应首先进行主动评估,必要时再进行被动评估。正常活动通常遵循以下模式 "90法则" 腕部和手指。比较两侧,观察关节活动范围是否存在受限。
4. 强度测试:
在进行以下测试时,注意是否存在任何疼痛或无力感:
5. 运动功能检查
使用以下测试评估手部运动功能:
6. 循环
7. 感觉
通过检查轻触觉、针刺觉和两点辨别觉(指腹处7 mm或以上)来评估感觉。具体检查以下部位:拇指尖(正中神经);小指末端(尺神经);手背(桡神经)。
8. 韧带与肌腱测试
对损伤区域的韧带施加应力以评估是否存在可能的断裂非常重要。常见的损伤韧带包括:
9. 特殊检测
有几种重要的、针对特定诊断的检查方法,常用于腕关节和手部的评估。这些检查包括:
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Science Education videos
Q1: What bones and structures make up the wrist and hand?
The wrist contains 8 carpal bones with numerous articulations and ligaments. The hand consists of 5 metacarpal bones with overlying tendons and muscles. The fingers contain 14 phalanges held together by collateral ligaments and volar plates, forming a complex anatomical system for movement and stability.
Q2: What are common causes of wrist and hand injuries?
Acute and chronic wrist injuries typically result from impact, weight-bearing activities like gymnastics, twisting motions, and throwing. These mechanisms can damage carpal bones, ligaments, tendons, and joints of the hand and fingers, requiring careful clinical evaluation to assess structural integrity.
Q3: How does osteoarthritis differ from rheumatoid arthritis in the hand?
Osteoarthritis commonly affects the distal interphalangeal (DIP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of the hand. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically involves the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and PIP joints. Understanding these distinct patterns helps clinicians identify the type of arthritis and guide appropriate treatment strategies.
Q4: Why is comparison important during wrist and hand examination?
Comparing the injured wrist or hand to the uninvolved side is essential for identifying abnormalities, deformities, and functional differences. This bilateral comparison helps clinicians detect subtle changes in symmetry, swelling, range of motion, and strength that might otherwise be missed during assessment.
Q5: What key components are included in a wrist and hand examination?
A comprehensive wrist and hand exam includes inspection, palpation for tenderness or deformity, testing range of motion and strength, neurovascular assessment, ligament and tendon testing, and special tests. These systematic components evaluate joint stability, nerve function, blood circulation, and overall hand integrity.
Q6: What does neurovascular assessment evaluate in the wrist and hand?
Neurovascular assessment examines nerve function and blood circulation in the wrist and hand. This evaluation ensures adequate pathways and peripheral nerve distribution to detect potential nerve compression, vascular compromise, or sensory deficits that may affect hand function and patient outcomes.
Q7: What is the purpose of ligament and tendon testing in hand examination?
Ligament and tendon testing assesses the integrity and function of structures supporting hand stability and movement. These specialized tests identify injuries, tears, or laxity that may compromise grip strength, dexterity, fine motor control, or joint stability in the wrist and fingers.