来源:Faisal Alamgir,佐治亚理工学院材料科学与工程学院,亚特兰大,佐治亚州
对固体材料微观结构的成像及其成像结构组分的分析被称为材料显微学。诸如材料中是否存在孔隙、晶粒尺寸和形状分布情况,以及微观结构是否具有各向异性等定性信息,均可直接观察获得。然而,我们将在材料显微学系列的第二部分中…
| 步骤 | 介质 | 粒度 | 时间(分钟) | 速度(rpm) | 备注 |
| 1 | SiC | 600 | 2 分钟* | 120 | 在进入步骤 2 前旋转 90° |
| 2 | SiC | 1200 | 2 分钟* | 120 | 在进入步骤 3 前旋转 90° |
| 3 | Al2O3 | 1 µm | 2 分钟* | 120 | 在进入步骤 4 前旋转 90° |
| 4 | Al2O3 | 0.05 µm | 2 分钟* | 120 | * 或直至前一步骤产生的划痕被完全去除 |
表1. 样品的抛光方案。
材料显微学是一种用于固体材料微观结构成像与分析的方法。该方法尤其用于定性研究材料中的孔隙率、晶粒的尺寸与形貌分布,以及微观结构的各向同性程度。
这种详细的分析需要对固体材料进行特定的样品制备。本视频将演示用于制备光学材料分析样品的四个主要步骤。
金相学用于表征固体材料。通过该方法,可进行定性分析和定量分析。在本视频中,我们将重点关注从固体样品中获得的定性信息。在金相学中,可使用光或电子束对样品进行探测。根据所选探测工具的不同,样品需要以不同的方式进行制备。本文将演示针对硬度与钢相近的固体材料进行光学金相分析时的样品制备原理。该样品制备过程包括四个主要步骤:切割、镶嵌、抛光和腐蚀。接下来我们将详细探讨每一个步骤。
第一步是样品切割。对于预期具有各向同性显微组织的样品,即显微组织均匀分布的样品,切割方向可任意选择;而对于各向异性样品等其他情况,切割方向应根据样品的特定方向或晶面进行取向。第二步是将切割后的样品安装到支撑物上。将固体材料固定在热压型热固性材料(如树脂或环氧树脂)中,形成压结颗粒。第三步是样品抛光。该步骤需分多个连续阶段进行,从粗抛光逐步过渡到更细的抛光。其目的是在去除前一抛光子步骤在样品表面留下的划痕的同时,充分显露显微组织特征。
随后,样品即可进入最后一步——蚀刻。这一步骤是将样品暴露于酸性溶液中进行化学处理。固体材料的某些晶界含有较多的原子缺陷,因此更容易受到酸溶液的作用,从而在镶嵌好的样品内部形成刻蚀。这一过程能够增强晶粒之间的对比度,使其在光学显微镜下更清晰可见。现在您已了解光学金相样品制备的基本原理,接下来让我们看看在实验室中如何实际操作这些主要步骤。
本示例中使用的样品为一个金属螺母。样品制备过程分为以下四个主要步骤:首先,使用线性精密锯沿垂直于环形平面的方向切割样品。第二,确保样品能够适配压模的模腔。将样品放入模腔中,使待成像的一面朝下放置在镶嵌机上。然后,用Bakelite填充镶嵌机模腔中剩余的空间。
根据酚醛树脂(Bakelite)的要求,设定相应的加热温度、压力和压制时间,并据此压制样品。注意,其他类型的热固性镶嵌材料也可用于其他类型的样品。第三步是样品的抛光。首先使用粒度为600的粗砂纸进行抛光,将样品置于旋转抛光盘上,以120 rpm的转速抛光两分钟。然后使用光学显微镜检查样品表面的划痕。接着将样品相对于初次抛光的位置旋转90度,使用粒度为1,200的砂纸重复抛光过程。务必保持施加的压力以及抛光盘运动方向恒定。
使用光学显微镜检查样品表面。此前发现的划痕应已被去除,同时将识别出新的划痕。再次将样品旋转90度,使用粒径为1微米的氧化铝抛光悬浮液进行更精细的抛光,并再次通过显微镜检查样品表面的划痕。重复该步骤,此次使用粒径为0.05微米的氧化铝颗粒。在最终抛光步骤中,使用光学显微镜的最高放大倍数进行观察。
样品表面不应有可见的划痕。最后一步是样品腐蚀。首先配制2%的苦味酸溶液,即将2%体积的浓硝酸与乙醇混合。将样品的抛光面浸入该溶液中约20秒。用乙醇冲洗样品,然后在显微镜下观察腐蚀后的表面。重复上述腐蚀和冲洗步骤,直至在晶粒结构中观察到足够的对比度为止。
光学材料学是一种用于表征各种应用中固体材料的非常有用的技术。例如,环形电感器磁芯通常用于电子器件中以抑制电磁干扰。这些磁芯通过压缩铁粉经济地制造而成。磁芯材料的孔隙率和晶粒尺寸均会影响电感器的电磁性能,而这些参数可通过光学材料学进行评估。
由于具有渗透性,多孔材料被用于合成膜的制造。光学材料学用于分析膜材料二维截面的孔隙结构,进而评估膜的孔隙率质量。
您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于光学金相样品制备的简介。现在您应该理解样品制备的四个步骤:切割、镶嵌、抛光和蚀刻,以及这些步骤对于材料显微结构定性分析的重要性。
感谢观看。
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Q1: What are the four main steps of sample preparation for optical materialography?
Optical materialography requires four sequential preparation steps: cutting, mounting, polishing, and etching. Cutting orients the sample appropriately for analysis. Mounting fixes the sample to a support using thermosetting material like resin or epoxy. Polishing removes scratches progressively using coarser to finer grits. Etching chemically exposes grain boundaries with acid solution to enhance contrast for microscopic observation.
Q2: Why is polishing performed in multiple steps during sample preparation?
Multi-step polishing progressively reveals microstructural features while removing scratches from previous polishing stages. Starting with coarse 600-grit paper and advancing to finer suspensions like 1-micrometer and 0.05-micrometer alumina particles ensures a scratch-free surface. Rotating the sample 90 degrees between steps and checking with an optical microscope confirms that previous scratches are removed before proceeding to finer grits.
Q3: How does etching enhance grain visibility in materialography samples?
Etching exposes the polished sample to an acid solution, typically 2% Nital prepared from nitric acid and ethanol. Grain boundaries contain more atomic defects and are preferentially attacked by the acid, creating surface relief that carves into the material. This differential etching increases contrast between grains, making them clearly visible under optical microscopy for qualitative analysis of microstructure.
Q4: What information can qualitative materialography analysis reveal about solid materials?
Qualitative materialography directly observes porosity presence, grain size and shape distribution, and microstructural isotropy or anisotropy. These observations help characterize material properties without statistical measurement. For example, toroidal inductor cores manufactured from compacted iron powder can be assessed for porosity and grain size, both critical to electromagnetic performance. Porous membrane materials can be analyzed for void structure quality.
Q5: How does sample orientation affect cutting in optical materialography?
For isotropic materials with evenly distributed microstructures, cutting orientation is arbitrary. However, anisotropic samples require the cutting vector to be oriented along specific directions or crystallographic planes to capture representative microstructural features. Proper orientation ensures the resulting cross-section accurately reflects the material's structural characteristics for meaningful qualitative analysis.
Q6: What role does the mounting material play in sample preparation?
Mounting materials, typically thermosetting resins or epoxy, fix the cut sample to a support during preparation and analysis. The sample is placed in a press cavity with the imaging surface facing down, then the cavity is filled with mounting material and pressed under prescribed heat and pressure. This creates a stable, handleable specimen that maintains proper orientation throughout polishing and etching steps.
Q7: Can samples prepared for optical materialography be used for other microscopy techniques?
Yes, samples prepared for optical materialography can be used for scanning electron microscopy with minimal or no additional preparation steps. This versatility makes optical materialography sample preparation an efficient starting point for multiple analytical techniques, allowing researchers to gather complementary microstructural data from a single prepared specimen.