来源:Michael G. Benton 和 Kerry M. Dooley,路易斯安那州立大学化学工程系,巴吞鲁日,路易斯安那州
气体吸收器用于去除气流中的污染物。为实现这一目的,存在多种设计形式1。填料床塔是一种采用填料的塔式结构,其中气体和液体在装有散装填料(如陶瓷、金属和塑料)或规整填料的塔…
本实验采用一个随机填充的水逆流气体吸收柱。该吸收柱填充有34 cm高、13 mm的贝尔鞍形填料,其有效比表面积为465 m2/m3。进入系统的气体压力约为1.42 bar,温度约为26 °C,柱体进出口设有阀门以允许气体排出。一台"Oxy Baby"红外光谱仪直接连接在装置的不同位置,用于测量气体组成,同时使用纯气体钢瓶进行校准。
1. 气体吸收器的操作
气体吸收器用于去除气流中的污染物,例如废气中的烟道气。气体吸收器通常使用含有随机或规整填料的塔柱。填料床吸收器利用气体和液体逆流流动。污染物气体被吸收到液相中,从而降低出口气体中的污染物含量。吸收过程高度依赖于操作参数,必须对这些参数进行研究以优化该过程。在此,我们将研究二氧化碳在水中的吸收,并考察操作参数如何影响系统的分离效果和效率。
气体吸收装置利用液体溶剂与气体混合物接触,从而将目标物质从气体中去除。质量从气相转移至溶剂中,两相趋于相平衡状态,随后实现气液两相的分离。吸收器的总物料衡算如下所示,其中 V 和 L 分别为气相和液相的流率,因此被吸收组分 A 的组分物料衡算需引入组分 A 在气相和液相中的摩尔分数。总传质系数表示一种组分从一种流体向另一种流体传递的速率。此处,KG 为总传质系数,PAG 为被吸收气体的分压,P* A 为根据亨利定律计算的平衡压力,A 为有效传质面积,Z 为填料层高度,GS 为单位塔截面积上的气体摩尔流率。传质过程取决于各相中的传质系数以及吸收器中可用的相界面面积。亨利定律和拉乌尔定律用于计算与液相浓度成平衡关系的气体分压。在接下来的实验中,将使用填料塔气体吸收装置将二氧化碳从气体流中吸收到水中。气体和水流分别从塔底和塔顶进入,实现逆流操作。进口气体中二氧化碳的组成通过调节二氧化碳和空气的阀门进行控制,随后测量出口气体中二氧化碳的浓度。在了解了气体吸收的基本原理之后,接下来我们将介绍如何在实验室中操作该装置。
本演示中使用的设备为填料式逆流气体吸收塔。塔内填充13毫升贝尔鞍形填料,填料床深度为34厘米。塔的进、出口处设有阀门,用于控制气体逸出,同时采用红外光谱仪测量气相中CO2的分压。实验开始时,先打开总电源开关,随后关闭用于调节塔内水量的阀门。将空气进气阀完全打开,并打开塔压调节阀。将空气流速设定至所需水平,初始值至少为30升/分钟,之后可根据需要逐步提高。通过压力调节阀将塔内压力调节至约0.5 bar。接着设定二氧化碳的流速,起始值约为4升/分钟;同时设定水的流速,起始值也约为4升/分钟。在实验过程中持续调节水流量,以维持储水罐内水位恒定。利用在线压力表,在塔底、塔中段和塔顶处按需采集并测量二氧化碳浓度。重复实验共进行八次运行,采用两种不同的气体流速、液体流速以及二氧化碳浓度,从而确定系统中最关键的影响变量。每次调整流速后,务必等待系统达到稳态后再进行测量。
现在我们已经演示了如何进行气体吸收实验,接下来分析实验结果。首先,计算每次实验的分压和平衡分压,然后利用这些分压值计算传质系数。计算结果以三角形符号表示,而预测值则以实线表示,这些预测值是通过计算操作线和平衡线得到的。模型值以及平均传质系数的置信区间以虚线形式标出。预测值与实际值之间无明显偏差,表明填料柱处于稳态,且气液两相界面达到了平衡。接下来,我们在相同操作条件下比较传质系数。理论值以绿色和蓝色线条表示,其变化趋势与实验数据相似。无论气体流速高低,模型预测与实验结果均表现出一致的行为,说明在所考察的范围内,气体流速对传质系数几乎没有影响。
最后,让我们来看一下该技术在工业中的某些应用。填料床吸收器是用于空气污染控制的最常见设备。在这些情况下,气体吸收器通常被称为洗涤器。洗涤器用于去除来自化工厂、炼油厂以及造纸厂等工业废气和排气中含有的腐蚀性烟雾,例如硫酸、硝酸和盐酸。将被吸收的气体从溶剂中分离出来的操作称为解吸。解吸器通常与吸收器联合使用,以回收被吸收的气体并循环利用液态溶剂。当废水中含有氮和磷成分时,这一点尤为重要。过去,这种废水被直接排入海洋,但这导致了藻类过度生长,即所谓的富营养化现象,进而严重破坏了自然生态系统。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于气体吸收的简介视频。
现在您应该了解了气体吸收塔如何从气流中去除杂质,如何在实验室中操作气体吸收塔,以及如何分析数据以理解分离过程。感谢观看!
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Q1: What is a gas absorber and how does it remove contaminants?
A gas absorber removes contaminants from gas streams using a column containing packing material where gas and liquid streams flow counter-current to each other. The contaminant gas is absorbed into the liquid solvent through mass transfer, reducing the contaminant concentration in the exit gas. This process depends on operating parameters like flow rates and gas composition to optimize separation efficiency.
Q2: How does counter-current flow improve gas absorption efficiency?
Counter-current flow, where gas enters from the bottom and liquid from the top, maximizes the concentration gradient between phases throughout the column. This arrangement ensures continuous contact between gas and liquid streams, promoting efficient mass transfer. The opposing flow directions maintain driving force for absorption across the entire column height, enhancing overall contaminant removal.
Q3: What role does the mass transfer coefficient play in absorption?
The overall mass transfer coefficient determines the rate at which a substance transfers from gas to liquid phase. It depends on mass transfer coefficients in each phase and the interfacial area available in the absorber. Higher mass transfer coefficients indicate faster absorption rates, making this parameter critical for predicting and optimizing separation performance in packed bed columns.
Q4: What packing materials are used in gas absorbers and why?
Gas absorbers use random or structured packing materials such as ceramics, metals, and plastics to create maximum surface area for gas-liquid contact. These materials, like berl saddles, increase the interfacial area available for mass transfer while maintaining low pressure drop. Packed beds are low maintenance, handle corrosive materials effectively, and achieve high mass transfer rates compared to other absorber designs.
Q5: How do operating parameters affect gas absorber performance?
Operating parameters including gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, and inlet contaminant concentration significantly influence absorption efficiency and mass transfer coefficients. Experimental studies show that varying these parameters affects the rate of contaminant removal and system separation capability. Understanding these relationships enables optimization of the absorption process for specific industrial applications and waste stream compositions.
Q6: What are industrial applications of gas absorption technology?
Packed bed absorbers, called scrubbers in industrial settings, remove corrosive fumes like sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid from chemical plants, oil refineries, and pulp mills. Strippers recover absorbed gases and recycle solvents, preventing waste water containing nitrogen and phosphorus from causing eutrophication in ecosystems. This technology is the most common equipment for air pollution control in industry.
Q7: How is equilibrium determined in gas absorption systems?
Equilibrium between gas and liquid phases is determined using Henry's Law and Raoult's Law to calculate partial pressures. At the gas-liquid interface, the partial pressure of the absorbed gas in the vapor phase relates to its concentration in the liquid phase through these thermodynamic relationships. Measuring partial pressures at different column heights allows calculation of mass transfer coefficients and verification of steady-state operation.