压力传感器:使用皮托静态管进行校准

A pitot-static tube has openings that measure stagnation pressure and static pressure. Stagnation pressure is the sum of static pressure and dynamic pressure, allowing the tube to measure dynamic pressure and therefore flow velocity. This pressure differential is then converted to wind speed using the free-stream density and velocity equations.

In a U-shaped manometer, pressure differential creates a change in fluid height. The dynamic pressure is calculated from this height difference using the equation: pressure equals the density of manometer fluid multiplied by gravitational acceleration and the height difference. This relationship directly correlates pressure changes to measurable fluid displacement.

Pressure transducers are small, lightweight, and convert pressure into electrical signals, making them ideal for aircraft where weight reduction is critical. Unlike bulky manometers requiring manual reading, transducers reduce tubing requirements, decrease data response time, and can be placed almost anywhere in the airframe, enabling real-time pressure monitoring.

A capacitive pressure transducer uses a flexible conducting diaphragm that replaces one conductive plate of a capacitor. When pressure is applied, the diaphragm deflects, changing the spacing between plates and altering capacitance. The transducer's electronics are calibrated to generate specific current changes corresponding to capacitance deviations, producing a measurable electrical signal.

Wind tunnel calibration establishes a mathematical relationship between transducer current output and applied pressure at known wind speeds. By connecting the pitot-static tube to both a reference manometer and the transducer across varying dynamic pressures, engineers generate a calibration curve that enables accurate pressure and wind speed measurements during flight.

Hysteresis testing compares transducer readings when pressure increases versus decreases. If increasing and decreasing data align perfectly, the transducer exhibits no hysteresis, meaning it responds consistently regardless of pressure direction. This validates the transducer's reliability and allows a single calibration equation to accurately measure pressure across all operating conditions.

Capacitance depends on the dielectric constant of the insulator material, the area of conductive plates, and the spacing between them. In a pressure transducer, applied pressure deflects the diaphragm, reducing plate spacing and increasing capacitance. This change in capacitance is then converted to a proportional current output by the transducer electronics.