Name: 物理，化学和六Biochars生产的生物表征污染场地修复的 (视频) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2014-11-28T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 39 s
Description: 了解生物炭的物理、化学和生物特性表征方法，用于污染场地修复的土壤改良。本研究采用标准化分析方案评估生物炭的养分含量、污染物固定能力及生态毒性，为环境修复应用提供可靠数据支持。

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本研究由加拿大联邦经济发展署（FedDev）向女王大学（Dr. Allison Rutter 和 Dr. Darko Matovic）提供的应用研究与商业化推广项目资助。衷心感谢安大略省奥德萨市 Burt’s Greenhouses 提供的生物炭材料。特别感谢加拿大皇家军事学院（RMC）CBRN 防护组的 Yuxing Cui 以及 ASU 和 Zeeb 实验室的工作人员长期以来的支持。

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<li>Sun, X., Werner, D., Ghosh, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Modeling+PCB+Mass+Transfer+and+Bioaccumulation+in+a+Freshwater+Oligochaete+Before+and+After+Amendment+of+Sediment+with+Activated+Carbon%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ.+Sci.+Technol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Modeling PCB Mass Transfer and Bioaccumulation in a Freshwater Oligochaete Before and After Amendment of Sediment with Activated Carbon.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (4), 1115-1121 (2009).</li>
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<li>Hale, S. E., Werner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Modeling+the+Mass+Transfer+of+Hydrophobic+Organic+Pollutants+in+Briefly+and+Continuously+Mixed+Sediment+after+Amendment+with+Activated+Carbon%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ.+Sci.+Technol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Modeling the Mass Transfer of Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants in Briefly and Continuously Mixed Sediment after Amendment with Activated Carbon.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (9), 3381-3387 (2010).</li>
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<li>Enders, A., Hanley, K., Whitman, T., Joseph, S., Lehmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Characterization+of+biochars+to+evaluate+recalcitrance+and+agronomic+performance%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Bioresour.+Technol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Characterization of biochars to evaluate recalcitrance and agronomic performance.</a> Bioresour. Technol. 114, 644-653 (2012).</li>
<li>Lee, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Characterization+of+biochars+produced+from+cornstovers+for+soil+amendment%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ.+Sci.+Technol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Characterization of biochars produced from cornstovers for soil amendment.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (20), 7970-7974 (2010).</li>
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<li>Wu, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Chemical+characterization+of+rice+straw-derived+biochar+for+soil+amendment%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biomass+Bioenergy%22%5BJournal%5D)">Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment.</a> Biomass Bioenergy. 47, 268-276 (2012).</li>
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<li>Gomez-Eyles, J. L., Sizmur, T., Collins, C. D., Hodson, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+biochar+and+the+earthworm+Eisenia+fetida+on+the+bioavailability+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons+and+potentially+toxic+elements%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Pollution%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of biochar and the earthworm Eisenia fetida on the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements.</a> Environmental Pollution. 159 (2), 616(2011).</li>
<li>Paul, P., Ghosh, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Influence+of+activated+carbon+amendment+on+the+accumulation+and+elimination+of+PCBs+in+the+earthworm+Eisenia+fetida%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Pollution%22%5BJournal%5D)">Influence of activated carbon amendment on the accumulation and elimination of PCBs in the earthworm Eisenia fetida.</a> Environmental Pollution. 159 (12), 3763(2011).</li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22Environment+Canada+%28EC%29+Biological+Test+Method%3A+Tests+for+Toxicity+of+Contaminated+Soil+to+Earthworms+%28%27andrei%27%2C+%27Eisenia+fetida%27%2C+or+%27Lumbricus+terrestris%29+EPS1%2FRM%2F43%22">Environment Canada (EC) Biological Test Method: Tests for Toxicity of Contaminated Soil to Earthworms ('andrei', 'Eisenia fetida', or 'Lumbricus terrestris) EPS1/RM/43</a>. , (2007).</li>
<li>Zhang, B. G., Li, G. T., Shen, T. S., Wang, J. K., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Changes+in+microbial+biomass+C%2C+N%2C+and+P+and+enzyme+activities+in+soil+incubated+with+the+earthworm+Metaphire+guillelmi+or+Eisenia+fetida%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Soil+Biol.+Biochem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Changes in microbial biomass C, N, and P and enzyme activities in soil incubated with the earthworm Metaphire guillelmi or Eisenia fetida.</a> Soil Biol. Biochem. 32 (1), 2055-2062 (2000).</li>
<li>Belfroid, A., vanden Berg, M., Seinen, W., Hermens, J., Uptake van Gestel, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((bioavailability+and+elimination+of+hydrophobic+compounds+in+earthworms+%28Eisenia+andrei%29+in+field-contaminated+soil%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Arch.+Environ.+Contam.+Toxicol%22%5BJournal%5D)">bioavailability and elimination of hydrophobic compounds in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in field-contaminated soil.</a> Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14 (4), 605-612 (1995).</li>
<li>Denyes, M. J., Button, M., BA, Z. eeb, Rutter, A., Weber, K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((In+situ+remediation+of+PCB-contaminated+soil+via+phytoextraction+and+activated+carbon%2Fbiochar+amendments-+soil+microbial+responses%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Hazardous+Materialssubmitted%22%5BJournal%5D)">In situ remediation of PCB-contaminated soil via phytoextraction and activated carbon/biochar amendments- soil microbial responses.</a> Journal of Hazardous Materialssubmitted. , (2014).</li>
</ol>

作者声明不存在任何竞争性经济利益。

本方案中列出的所有方法均已针对土壤样品经过仔细验证并得到广泛应用。由于生物炭表征技术尚处于起步阶段，这些方法在富碳基质中的有效性在很大程度上尚不明确。因此，尽管这些方法本身并非新颖，但将其用于生物炭常规表征则具有创新性。在质量保证/质量控制方面，所有方法在空白样品检测值低于检出限以及标准参考物质回收率准确方面均未出现问题。这表明这些方法适用于生物炭及其他类木炭材料的表征。文献中已采用多种不同方法对生物炭进行表征20, 34-41，然而，随着生物炭作为土壤添加剂日益被广泛接受，亟需建立常规化的表征方法。
阳离子交换容量是唯一出现困难的方法。计算样品阳离子交换容量（CEC）的方法依赖于样品的重量以及该重量中钠的浓度。生物炭的密度非常低，因此在离心后不会像土壤那样在离心管底部形成团粒。因此，在方法步骤4.4的第6步和第7步倾倒并弃去上清液时，必须注意不要损失任何生物炭样品。为避免样品损失，需使用移液器移走上清液。
其他分析方法可轻松借鉴土壤分析方法。元素分析和近似分析专用于生物炭及煤等类似产品，因此通常在常规分...

生物炭是有机物热解过程中产生的一种富含碳的副产物1。公众和学术界对将生物炭添加到土壤中的兴趣，源于其能够改善土壤质量和促进植物生长2,3、可持续地固定碳4、吸附有害污染物2,3,5-7，同时通过热解提供废物管理和能源生产的替代途径。
目前，全球众多公司和机构通过不同的热解系统生产生物炭。用于生产生物炭的原料包括（但不限于）木屑、动物粪便和建筑废弃物1。这些差异可能改变生物炭的物理和化学性质，从而影响其改良基质、促进长期稳定性和增强吸附能力的效果。此外，在热解过程中，由于原料污染或热解条件不当，生物炭可能无意中受到金属、多环芳烃（PAHs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）的污染。因此，在将生物炭大规模作为土壤改良剂应用于环境之前，必须对其污染物、比表面积、阳离子交换容量、蚯蚓回避反应、种子发芽率等指标进行仔细表征，这些指标由国际生物炭倡议组织（IBI）推荐。2013年，首个《生物炭标准化产品定义与产品测试指南》发布并公开，该指南为生物炭的物理和化学特性设立了标准。
研究表明，在加拿大安大略省奥德萨（Odessa, ON）一家商业温室中生产的生物炭能够显著促进严重退化土壤中植物的生长，并可吸附多氯联苯（PCBs）等持久性有机污染物（POPs）2, 3。该生物炭通过锅炉系统利用三种不同原料（即有机物来源）制备而成，所产生的热量用于冬季温室的供暖运行。
本研究提供了与在生物质锅炉中生产生物炭及其作为土壤改良剂使用相关的表征数据。本研究的目的是根据国际生物炭倡议组织（IBI）发布的《标准化产品定义与产品测试指南》（第1.1版，2013年）中的标准，全面表征六种生物炭的物理、化学和生物学特性。在可能的情况下，这些特性将与每种生物炭作为农业改良剂的应用性能及其对污染物的吸附能力相关联。

<table><tbody><tr><td>生物炭</td><td>伯特温室</td><td></td><td>全部六种生物炭均通过蓝焰锅炉系统（BlueFlame Boiler system）在伯特温室（Burt's Greenhouses）生产。</td></tr><tr><td>NaOAc</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>E124-4</td><td>溶解 136.08 g NaOAC&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O 在 750 ml 蒸馏去离子水（DDI 水）中</td></tr><tr><td>乙酸</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A38-212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氢氧化钠</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>SS284-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>异丙醇</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A416P4</td><td>80%异丙醇：800 ml异丙醇加200 ml去离子水。</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A649500</td><td>溶解 5.35 g NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;将Cl加入1 L去离子水中。&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>铝制干燥盘</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-732-110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>干燥箱</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>508N0024</td><td>200 &amp;deg;2小时，C</td></tr><tr><td>干燥器</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-595A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>平衡</td><td>梅特勒</td><td>1113032410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>饱和溶液</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06-664-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>涡旋振荡器</td><td>Barnstead/Thermolyne</td><td>871000536389&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>离心</td><td>国际设备公司</td><td>24372808</td><td>3,000 × g 离心 5 分钟</td></tr><tr><td>冲洗液</td><td>Fisher Scientific（Ricca Chemistry Company）</td><td>06-664-24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>电导率仪</td><td>WESCAN</td><td>88298</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>更换溶液</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06-664-24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ICP-AES</td><td>Varian</td><td>EL00053841</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ASAP 2000 比表面积分析仪&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cavlon</td><td>885</td><td>120度脱气 &amp;deg;至少 2 小时，温度为 C</td></tr><tr><td>马弗炉</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>806N0024</td><td>420下覆盖加热16小时 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>pH计</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1230185263</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>筛子</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>2288926</td><td>4.7 mm 筛子置于顶部。</td></tr><tr><td>筛分摇床</td><td>Meinzer II</td><td>0414-02</td><td>振荡10分钟。</td></tr><tr><td>硫酸钠</td><td>VWR</td><td>EM-SX0761-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>渥太华砂</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S23-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>索氏提取器</td><td>Fisher Scientific（Pyrex）</td><td>09-557A</td><td>4&amp;nbsp;4 小时&amp;ndash;6&amp;nbsp;循环/小时</td></tr><tr><td>DCBP</td><td>Suprlco Analytical</td><td>48318&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>二氯甲烷</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>40042-40855-U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6890 Plus 气相色谱仪 微型 63Ni 电子捕获检测器</td><td>安捷伦</td><td>US00034778</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氦</td><td>AlphaGaz</td><td>SPG-NIT1AL50SMART</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氮</td><td>AlphaGaz</td><td>SPG-HEL1AL50SMART</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>研钵和研杵</td><td>Fisher Scientific（CoorsTeh）</td><td>12-948G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>硝酸</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>351288212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40号滤纸</td><td>Fisher Scientific (Whatman)</td><td>09-845A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>石英/镍称量舟</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11-474-210</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMA-80</td><td>ATS 科学</td><td>5090264</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98&amp;#8211;99% 甲酸</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>33015-1L</td><td>1 L 容量瓶中加入 750 ml 去离子水，加入 20 ml 甲酸，用去离子水定容至 1 L。</td></tr><tr><td>超声波破碎仪</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>15338284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>旋转摇床</td><td>新不伦瑞克科学公司（Innova 2100）</td><td>14-278-108</td><td>200 rpm 条件下孵育 1 小时。</td></tr><tr><td>No. 42 滤纸</td><td>Fisher Scientific（Whatman）</td><td>09-855A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WhirlPacks</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>R55048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>磷酸二氢钾</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>181525</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 M KCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P282100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>塑料离心管</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>03-337-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氯化铵</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>PX05115</td><td>恢复至室温</td></tr><tr><td>显色试剂</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>361028260</td><td>恢复至室温</td></tr><tr><td>比色计</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-642-400</td><td>打开电源，使灯预热并运行5分钟。</td></tr><tr><td>ASEAL 自动分析仪 2</td><td>SEAL</td><td>4723A12068</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>液态苯酚</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>MPX05115</td><td>碱性酚：量取87 ml液化苯酚加入已盛有约2/3体积去离子水的1 L容量瓶中，加入34 g NaOH，用去离子水定容至1 L。</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S318-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>市售漂白剂</td><td>零售店</td><td></td><td>次氯酸盐溶液：使用100 ml量筒量取31.5 ml市售漂白剂，并用双蒸水定容至100 ml。</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH颗粒</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S320-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA二钠</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E5124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>次氯酸钠</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>SS290-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton (10%)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP151-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>硝普钠</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S350-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>铵盐</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A637-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>苯氧基</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AC388611000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eisenia fetida</td><td>线虫工厂</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>铲子</td><td>零售店</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>桶</td><td>零售店</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>盆栽土</td><td>零售商店</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>避障轮</td><td>加拿大环境部</td><td></td><td>由中国环境部改进设计构建&amp;rsquo;急性回避试验</td></tr><tr><td>铝箔</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>01-213-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>培养皿</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-757-11</td><td>直径8.5厘米。</td></tr><tr><td>南瓜籽</td><td>安大略种子有限公司（OSC）</td><td>2055</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>阿尔法种子</td><td>安大略种子公司（OSC）</td><td>6675</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>离心管（30 ml）</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>22-038-906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>烧杯（50&amp;nbsp;ml</td><td>Fisher Scientific（Pyrex）</td><td>02-540G</td><td>105℃烘箱干燥 &amp;#176;C.</td></tr><tr><td>烧杯（30&amp;nbsp;毫升</td><td>Fisher Scientific（Pyrex）</td><td>20-540C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>锥形瓶（125&amp;nbsp;ml</td><td>Fisher Scientific（Pyrex）</td><td>S76106C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>容量瓶（100&amp;nbsp;毫升</td><td>Fisher Scientific（Pyrex）</td><td>10-211C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>河口沉积物</td><td>国家标准与技术研究院</td><td>1546A</td><td>标准参考物质</td></tr><tr><td>漂白剂</td><td>Clorox Ultra (5&amp;#8211;10% 次氯酸钠</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

用于污染场地修复的六种生物炭的物理、化学与生物学表征

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

生物炭的物理和化学性质因原料来源和生产条件而异，因此有可能设计出具有特定功能的生物炭（例如 碳封存、土壤质量改良或污染物吸附）。2013年，国际生物炭倡议组织（International Biochar Initiative, IBI）公开发布了其《生物炭产品标准化定义与产品测试指南（1.1版）》，为生物炭的物理和化学特性设定了标准。本研究分析了由三种不同原料在两种温度条件下制成的六种生物炭，评估其作为土壤改良剂的相关特性。本实验方案描述了原料和生物炭的分析方法，包括阳离子交换容量（CEC）、比表面积（SSA）、有机碳（OC）含量和含水率、pH值、粒径分布以及近似分析和元素分析。方案中还描述了对原料和生物炭中污染物的检测，包括多环芳烃（PAHs）、多氯联苯（PCBs）、金属和汞，以及营养元素（磷、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和以氮计的铵盐）。此外，方案还包括生物测试程序，如蚯蚓回避试验和种子发芽试验。根据空白样、平行样、标准样和参比物质的质量保证/质量控制（QA/QC）结果，所有方法均适用于生物炭及原料的分析。所有生物炭和原料均符合IBI设定的标准，不同生物炭之间差异较小，但以建筑废弃物为原料制备的生物炭（称为“老旧生物炭”）除外。该生物炭被检测出砷、铬、铜和铅含量升高，并在蚯蚓回避试验和种子发芽试验中表现不合格。基于这些结果，该种老旧生物炭不适用于作为碳封存、基质质量提升或污染修复用途的土壤改良剂。

所有结果的汇总以及与国际生物炭倡议组织（IBI）13 设定标准的比较见表1（汇总）、表2（新型、高、低、第三种原料及High-2生物炭）和表3（老旧生物炭）。2012年和2013年使用的所有生物炭及原料（表2）均完全符合IBI设定的标准，且各类生物炭之间差异较小。老旧生物炭（表3）是首批送检的生物炭，由废弃托盘和建筑废料制成，检测发现其砷、铬、铜和铅等金属含量较高。通过灼失法测定，该生物炭的有机碳含量最低（63.2%）。此外，其可提取磷含量（850 mg/kg）和阳离子交换量（CEC，34.8 cmol/kg）均为最高，细颗粒（&lt;0.5 mm）比例也最高（48%）。老旧生物炭是唯一未能通过种子发芽试验的生物炭（图3），并且经测定，Eisenia fetida（土壤无脊椎动物）显著回避添加2.8%老旧生物炭的处理组，而更偏好添加2.8%新型生物炭的处理组（图2...

生物炭是一种富含碳的材料，可作为土壤改良剂，具有可持续固碳、改善基质质量和吸附污染物的能力。本方案描述了在环境中大规模应用此类改良剂之前，所需进行的17种生物炭表征分析方法。

生物炭的物理和化学性质因原料来源和生产条件的不同而变化，这使得设计具有特定特性的生物炭成为可能……

以下实验的总体目标是表征六种生物炭的物理、化学和生物学特性，这些生物炭将用作土壤改良剂，以修复污染场地。实验内容包括测定生物炭基本效用特性中的水分百分比和有机质含量，进行近似分析和元素分析，测定pH值和粒径分布。毒性评估分析包括种子发芽试验、蚯蚓回避试验，以及对生物炭高级分析和土壤改良特性中多环芳烃、多氯化合物、生物酚类及金属（包括汞）等污染物的检测。生物炭需检测其养分含量，包括氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和磷，同时通过测定其比表面积和阳离子交换能力，评估其吸附或固定污染物的能力。这些方法的结果详细描述了生物炭的物理、化学和生物学特性，并确定其是否适合作为土壤改良剂用于污染场地的修复。采用这些方法的主要优势在于，它们与国际生物炭倡议组织（International Biochar Initiative，IBI）及其标准化协议中规定的方法一致，且已被证明在分析多种生物炭时具有准确性和有效性。对于专门从事土壤研究的科学家而言，只要遵循正确的质量保证和质量控制措施，这些方法中的许多都是熟悉的。这些方法可靠且易于应用于生物炭及其原料。在我们之前的研究中，我们强调了在开展田间规模应用之前，对生物炭进行细致表征的重要性。当我们得知IBI正在开发一项标准化方案时，我们的项目已经启动，因此我们能够将IBI方案中的许多方面融入我们的工作中。我的博士生Mackenzie Deez、硕士生Michelle Parisian以及一名持证实验室技术人员将在开始本实验前演示这些操作步骤。使用前需用校准标准液校准pH探针。随后，将25克生物炭加入离心管中的25毫升蒸馏去离子水中。手动振荡溶液2分钟，然后以3000 G离心5分钟。离心结束后，收集上清液至玻璃试管中，并通过逐步干筛法测定pH值及颗粒粒径分布。将七套美国标准筛按顺序排列，在4.7毫米筛中加入60克生物炭。然后盖上筛盖，并将整套筛固定在振荡器上。振荡样品10分钟后，记录每个筛的重量。以Excel文件报告各筛网中剩余的百分比数据。进行萌发试验时，确保每种处理的相应用量为：3克生物炭、10克盆栽土和一片滤纸。然后将各处理放入相应的培养皿中。接下来，将五粒南瓜种子和50粒苜蓿种子放入培养皿中。每种处理均使用量筒向所有培养皿中加入15毫升水，并盖上相应的皿盖。将培养皿置于14小时光照、10小时黑暗的荧光光照周期条件下进行萌发。将温度维持在27±6摄氏度，以模拟夏季的昼夜循环。七天后，记录发芽的种子数量，并以每个培养皿中发芽种子的百分比报告结果。使用直尺测量已发芽种子的根长。然后以每个培养皿的根长总和进行报告。使用铁铲和桶将生物炭与盆栽土按重量比2.8%混合。随后，填满每个区室。准备一个蚯蚓回避装置，其中每个隔室装有120克盆栽土作为对照，或交替设置为盆栽土与生物炭混合物，其余隔室作为未添加处理的对照。此时，从保持在30%湿度的健康泥炭藓土壤混合

physical-chemical-biological-characterization-six-biochars-produced

Research

科研

JoVE Journal

Environment

环境

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利用苯多羧酸（BPCA）法对热解碳进行表征、定量及化合物特异性同位素分析

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