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JoVE Journal
Immunology and Infection
使用直接快速免疫性化学测试增强狂犬病监测
使用直接快速免疫性化学测试增强狂犬病监测
JoVE Journal
Immunology and Infection
This content is Free Access.
JoVE Journal Immunology and Infection
Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

使用直接快速免疫性化学测试增强狂犬病监测

Full Text
9,509 Views
08:58 min
April 30, 2019

DOI: 10.3791/59416-v

Erin M. Patrick1, Brian M. Bjorklund2, Jordona D. Kirby3, Kathleen M. Nelson4, Richard B. Chipman4, Charles E. Rupprecht5

1Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Wildlife Services, Knoxville, TN,United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Wildlife Services, Sutton, MA,United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 3Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Wildlife Services, Milton, FL,United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 4Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Wildlife Services, Concord, NH,United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 5Lyssa LLC

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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

The direct rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT) is a recognized alternative for rabies diagnosis, allowing for field-based applications. This test can be performed in approximately one hour using light microscopy, making it accessible for decentralized laboratories.

Key Study Components

Area of Science

  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Rabies Diagnosis
  • Field Applications

Background

  • The DRIT is an alternative to the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test.
  • It is suitable for use in areas lacking access to advanced microscopy.
  • The test is designed for rapid results in rabies surveillance.
  • It can be utilized by both laboratorians and field biologists.

Purpose of Study

  • To provide a rapid and economical tool for rabies diagnosis.
  • To enhance rabies surveillance, prevention, and control programs globally.
  • To facilitate the diagnosis in decentralized settings.

Methods Used

  • Sample collection from the brainstem of animals.
  • Preparation of staining solutions and slides.
  • Immunohistochemical staining using anti-rabies virus antibodies.
  • Microscopic examination of the slides for viral inclusions.

Main Results

  • Positive results show red intracytoplasmic viral inclusions in CNS tissue.
  • Inclusions vary in shape and size, indicating rabies infection.
  • Antigen distribution is graded, providing a measure of infection severity.
  • Results can be obtained within one hour, enhancing diagnostic efficiency.

Conclusions

  • The DRIT is a valuable tool for rapid rabies diagnosis.
  • It supports improved rabies control efforts in various settings.
  • Field-based applications can significantly enhance surveillance capabilities.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the DRIT?
The DRIT is a rapid immunohistochemical test for diagnosing rabies.
How long does the DRIT take?
The test can be completed in approximately one hour.
What are the advantages of using the DRIT?
It allows for field-based applications and does not require advanced microscopy.
Who can use the DRIT?
Laboratorians and field biologists can utilize this test.
What does a positive result indicate?
A positive result shows red intracytoplasmic viral inclusions in CNS tissue.
How is the sample prepared for the DRIT?
Samples are collected from the brainstem and prepared for staining.
What is the significance of the DRIT?
It provides a rapid and economical tool for rabies diagnosis, enhancing surveillance efforts.

直接快速免疫组织化学测试 (DRIT) 提供了世界动物卫生组织和世界卫生组织 (OIE/WHO) 认可的狂犬病诊断直接荧光抗体 (DFA) 测试的替代方案。此测试允许基于现场的应用,可以使用光显微镜在大约 1 小时的大脑印象中执行。

DRIT 之所以重要,因为它提供狂犬病诊断测试,可在现场分散的实验室或没有常规电子显微镜访问的区域进行。DRIT 的主要优点是它只使用简单的光显微镜,结果可以在大约一小时内获得。DRIT 为狂犬病诊断提供了强大的经济工具,供劳工和现场生物学家使用,以改善全球狂犬病监测、预防和控制计划。

对于刚采集或已解冻至环境温度的动物,将动物的子宫对平放,颈椎稍微旋转朝向检查员。在颈椎的横向上识别亚特兰托-腹关节。使用手术刀刀片,在腹科的阿特兰托-腹关节水平上切开一个切口,切开所有肌肉和软组织层,包括气管和食道。

继续,直到接近颈椎椎骨的前部。然后将动物的头部移动到最终范围延伸,直到脑干可见。使用手术刀刀片去除所有可见的脑干和中枢神经系统组织作为样品。

将脑干样本放入牢不可破的容器中,并相应地贴上标签。首先,设置足够深的染色盘,以便完全浸入样品幻灯片。用10%磷酸盐缓冲的甲醛填充一盘。

用 TPBS 填充二、四和五盘。用3%过氧化氢填充菜三。然后用蒸馏水或去水填充6、8、9和10个盘子。

用吉尔的赤氧树脂制剂二号用蒸馏水以1:1的比例稀释。为了准备氨基乙基-卡巴佐尔库存溶液,使用玻璃移液器,将五毫升的N、N-二甲基甲酰胺放在一个玻璃容器中。将120毫克的3-氨基-9-乙基卡巴佐尔添加到玻璃容器中,摇动直到完全溶解。

要准备 AEC 工作稀释,在 15 毫升离心管中加入 7 毫升醋酸盐缓冲液。使用玻璃移液器向离心管添加 0.5 毫升 AEC 库存溶液。加入0.75毫升的3%过氧化氢溶液。

使用 10 毫升注射器与 0.45 微米注射器过滤器过滤溶液。首先,使用防污防水永久墨水标记标记玻璃显微镜幻灯片,每个样品都有一个唯一的编号。使用手术刀刀片从容器中去除脑干,并将其放在纸巾上。

使用第二条纸巾轻轻擦去多余的液体、血液或毛皮,只露出脑干组织。如果需要,切段脑干组织以露出横截面。非常轻轻地触摸显微镜幻灯片到脑干的几个点,无需横向运动,以允许脑干多个区域转移到幻灯片,以确保只有一两层细胞从脑组织转移到幻灯片。

让滑梯在室温下风干约五分钟。然后将幻灯片浸入 10% 缓冲的甲醛中,放在菜中 10 分钟。从甲醛上取下幻灯片,并在菜二中的 TPBS 溶液中浸水冲洗。

将冲洗过氧化氢溶液浸入盘三中,浸泡10分钟。在此之后,从过氧化氢中取下幻灯片,将其浸入菜四中包含的新鲜 TPBS 中。去除任何多余的过氧化氢后,将幻灯片放在菜五中包含的新鲜TPBPS中。

从菜五一次拿一个幻灯片,甩掉并涂抹多余的缓冲液,将幻灯片放在实验室长椅上的湿纸巾上。当所有幻灯片都已转移时,使用滴管或移液器将足够的原发性抗狂犬病病毒抗体滴到每张幻灯片上,以覆盖 CNS 组织。用井板或其他简单盖盖住幻灯片,以创建湿度室,并在室室中将幻灯片在室温下孵育 10 分钟。

在此之后,从湿度室中取下幻灯片,摇动并抹掉任何多余的结合,并在盘五中的 TPBS 中浸入 TPBS 中的幻灯片。一次使用一张幻灯片,从 TPBS 上取下一张幻灯片,并使用滴管或移液器放置足够的 Streptavidin 过氧化物酶复合物来覆盖 CNS 组织。覆盖所有幻灯片后,在室温下在湿度室中孵育 10 分钟。

然后从湿度室中取下幻灯片,摇动并抹掉任何多余的复合物,并在菜五中包含的 TPBS 中浸入湿滑盘。一次使用一张幻灯片,从 TPBS 上卸下一张幻灯片,并使用移液器滴下足够的 AEC 工作溶液以覆盖 CNS 组织。在室温下在湿度室中孵育滑梯10分钟。

在此之后,将幻灯片浸入菜6中含的蒸馏水中,并把它们放在7号菜中吉尔的赤氧林的柜台上两分钟。立即将所有幻灯片浸入第八盘中的蒸馏水中。每次洗涤时,使用9和10个盘子中的淡水重复两次。

一次工作一张幻灯片,从水中取下一张幻灯片,然后摇动并污迹掉掉任何多余的水。使用水溶性安装介质将盖玻片贴在幻灯片上。然后使用具有 20 倍目标的光学显微镜查看幻灯片。

DRIT 的阳性结果显示,蓝色细胞体细胞质中的形状和大小可能变化的红色细胞内细胞内病毒内含物。内含物看起来光滑,边缘非常明亮,中心区域污染较少。抗原分布等级为加四至加一,加四表示抗原分布,由大小和形状各异的大量大小和小型内含物组成,并存在于 CNS 组织接触印象的每个视野中。

当大多数(但不是所有视图字段)中具有各种大小的包含时,将分配加三的分布。如果在 10 到 50% 的显微镜字段中找到内含物,则在低于 10% 的杂物中发现内含物时,将分配加两个抗原分布,而加一个则分配。大多数患有狂犬病病毒的 CNS 组织都表现出典型的病毒内含物,其等级为加三或加四强度和抗原分布。

如果结果显示强度或抗原分布中加号一或加二,则样品被宣布为不确定,并保证重复测试。使用 DRIT 的测试样本在含有 CNS 组织的幻灯片以 200 倍或更大的放大倍率扫描后,被视为狂犬病病毒抗原呈阴性,并且未检测到典型的病毒内含物。负样本显示蓝色细胞体,很少或没有已知的特定染色。

进行狂犬病诊断检测的每个人应接受标准的暴露前狂犬病疫苗接种,并定期进行血清学抗体评估。未接种疫苗的个人不应进入进行此类工作的地区。除了使用活狂犬病病毒时采取的预防措施外,测试中使用的几种试剂也是危险的。

请参阅每种试剂的安全数据表。

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