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Neuroscience
在Vivo直接重新编程居民胶质细胞到内神经通过病毒载体的脑内注射
在Vivo直接重新编程居民胶质细胞到内神经通过病毒载体的脑内注射
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Neuroscience
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JoVE Journal Neuroscience
In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

在Vivo直接重新编程居民胶质细胞到内神经通过病毒载体的脑内注射

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10,014 Views
12:26 min
June 17, 2019

DOI: 10.3791/59465-v

Maria Pereira1, Marcella Birtele1, Daniella Rylander Ottosson1

1Department of Experimental Medical Sciences and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC,Lund University

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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

This study presents a protocol to generate directly reprogrammed interneurons in vivo from resident glia using an AAV-based viral system. Targeting NG2-glia with a FLEX synapsin-driven GFP reporter allows for cell identification and analysis, particularly focusing on parvalbumin-positive interneurons with implications for psychiatric disorders.

Key Study Components

Area of Science

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Cell Reprogramming

Background

  • Development of novel neurons from resident glial cells.
  • Neurological conditions targeted through specific neuronal phenotypes.
  • Utilization of AAV viral vectors for efficient gene delivery.
  • Reprogrammed interneurons may provide insights into cell replacement therapies.

Purpose of Study

  • To demonstrate in vivo conversion of glia into mature, subtype-specific interneurons.
  • To investigate implications for psychiatric disorders via parvalbumin-positive interneurons.
  • To establish a method for potential applications across various brain areas.

Methods Used

  • In vivo reprogramming using AAV5 viral vectors in mouse models.
  • Targeting of NG2-glia for generating specialized interneurons.
  • Critical steps involve viral vector production, cell culture, and injection protocols.
  • Evaluation of reprogrammed cells over a timeline of up to 12 weeks.

Main Results

  • Successful conversion of resident glia into parvalbumin-positive interneurons.
  • Demonstrated maturation and integration of reprogrammed neurons in vivo.
  • Provided a methodology for future studies addressing neurological conditions.

Conclusions

  • The study illustrates a viable approach for generating interneurons in vivo.
  • Findings support future exploration into cell replacement therapies.
  • Highlights the potential for studying neuronal mechanisms relevant to psychiatric disorders.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the advantages of the AAV vector system?
AAV vectors offer specific targeting capabilities and efficient transduction, which enable precise reprogramming of glial cells within the brain.
How are the reprogrammed interneurons validated?
Validation is achieved through the expression of the GFP reporter, allowing for identification and analysis of the reprogrammed neurons in vivo.
What is the significance of generating parvalbumin-positive interneurons?
These interneurons have critical roles in modulating neuronal circuits and are linked to various psychiatric disorders, making their generation pivotal for research.
Can the method be applied to other brain regions?
Yes, the protocol is adaptable for targeting other neuronal phenotypes across different brain regions and circuits.
What are the limitations of this approach?
Potential limitations include the specificity of targeting and the efficiency of reprogramming, which may vary based on the physiological state of resident glia.

该协议旨在利用大脑中基于AAV的病毒系统和FLEX突触素驱动的GFP报告器,在体内直接重新编程的内神经,从而在体内进行细胞识别和进一步分析。

该协议表明,有可能直接从居民胶质产生新的神经元,这些重新编程的细胞成熟成亚型特异性神经元。主要优点是依赖 cre 的 AAV 病毒,它能够对 NG2-glia 和 GFP 报告器进行特定定位,该报告器标记重新编程的神经元进行分析。在大脑中产生新的神经元可能导致大脑细胞替代疗法的未来发展。

在我们的协议中,我们生成对精神疾病有影响的帕伐布明阳性内用神经。体内重新编程可以应用于其他大脑区域和电路,具体取决于您想要针对的神经元表型和神经系统状况。演示这个程序的将是珍妮·约翰逊:技术员,玛丽亚·佩雷拉:前博士生,马塞拉·比尔特尔:我们实验室的博士生。

为了产生AV5病毒载体,在5个T175烧瓶中用标准培养基播种 HEK293T 细胞。当细胞达到50-70%汇合时,准备以下混合进行转流。在50毫升离心管中,加入等量的矢量质粒和pDG系列帮助质粒。

将 Tris-EDTA 缓冲液添加到 144 微升的最终体积中,然后加入超纯水,使总体积达到 1296 微升并混合。接下来,加入144微升2.5摩尔氯化钙并混合。之后,立即将1.92毫升的HBS加入DNA溶液和涡流。

在室温下孵育60秒。随后,将溶液转移到28毫升的新鲜细胞培养中并混合。将烧瓶中的介质替换为含有转流混合物的介质。

等三天,把媒体转废了。在每个烧瓶中加入五毫升的收获缓冲液,然后在每个烧瓶中再添加四毫升的 DPBS,以冲洗剩余的细胞,并用细胞溶液池。将收获的细胞以1000xg离心,在4摄氏度下5分钟。

离心后,去除上流液,将颗粒溶解在15毫升的解解缓冲液中。将50毫升离心管冷冻在干冰上15分钟,并存放在零下20摄氏度的冰柜中。使用前,在37摄氏度的水浴中解冻收获的细胞。

在该过程中,通过碘沙醇梯度超离心进行 AAV 纯化,并在室温下使用离心度为 35 万 x g 的超离心吊管,使用 1 小时 45 分钟。要提取包含相的 AAV,请插入一个 10 毫升注射器,用 18 个量表针在 40 至 60% 相边界以下约 2 毫米,斜面朝上并退出。在提取了五到六毫升的病毒载体后,确保在到达蛋白质带之前停止。

然后,通过心安酸交换过滤器,通过不快于一滴的速度推动稀释的碘盐梯度,进行净化和浓缩。随后,缓慢地将三毫升的 IE 缓冲液通过过滤器进行清洗。接下来,将混合物用一到两毫升洗脱缓冲液将混合物倒入离心过滤单元中。

将 DPBS 添加到设备,最终体积为四毫升。在室温下以 2,000 x g 为单位的离心机,直到低于 0.5 毫升的 DPBS 留在过滤器中。之后,从管底取出液体,重新加注四毫升 DPBS,然后再次离心。

再重复此步骤两次,确保滤波器上的集中矢量体积在上次离心后约为 200 微升。使用移液器拆下 200 微升浓缩矢量,并通过 0.22 微米过滤器将其推至灭菌。接下来,将 200 微升等同物放入带联锁刀片的玻璃瓶中。

要注入重新编程因子,请将麻醉小鼠放在立体轴框架中。在手术开始时进行适当的镇痛,然后将注射针的玻璃毛细管的尖端放在呼吸管的正上方。确保毛细管尖端在 A-P 和 M-L 平面上完全直。

在数字坐标计数器上将 M-L 和 A-P 值重置为 0.0。要确保动物的头部处于完全平坦的位置,当 A-P 臂位于正 2.0 和减 2.0 以及 M-L 臂位于正 2.0 和减 2.0 时,使用数字坐标计数器测量 D-V 坐标值。相应地调整齿杆和耳杆的高度。

之后,稍微抬起注射器,在注射坐标处使用牙科钻孔钻孔。开始在现场钻孔,以循环和温和的方式工作。然后,将一块棉纱布放在打开的切口上,然后用盐水溶液冲洗注射器。

冲洗后,绘制一个气泡,然后一个微升溶液含有病毒载体。确保病毒溶液在气泡下方易于可视化。接下来,降低注射器,缓慢地向所需深度前进,并确保轨迹远离骨骼碎片。

随后,以每分钟0.4微升的速度注射一微升病毒溶液。注射完成后,在注射器提取前留出两分钟进行扩散。扩散后,慢慢缩回注射器,直到毛细管的尖端完全从大脑中撤出,然后小心缝合切口,将动物从立体气框架中取下。

在术后站中监测动物,直到恢复知觉。动物在病毒注射后被保存长达12周,以允许居民胶质重新编程成成熟的神经元。为了使用振动器为电生理学准备脑片,请将大脑从最旋转的部分分到高速的石质水平。

然后以275微米的速度以0.1毫米/秒的速度将花段分段。每个节后,小心地去除非注射的石室侧,将注射侧转移到小瓶中,并用底网和氧化 CREB 感应在室温下在水浴中滑动。将小瓶保持室温,直到所有部分被切割。

之后,慢慢将水浴的温度升高到37摄氏度,并离开30分钟,然后关闭加热器,让它冷却到室温。将一个组织部分转移到电生理学记录室后,将玻璃移液器安装在记录电极上,然后将其降低至溶液中。仔细检查电极的电阻。

然后,使用移液器缓慢接近重新编程的细胞,在电极中保持轻微的正压,以避免堵塞尖端,并在修补前检查该电池的 GFP 阳性。修补电池时,将电流夹的细胞从负 60 到负 70 毫伏,并注入 500 毫秒电流,从负 20 注入到正 90 皮奥安培,并注入 10 皮奥安佩雷增量以诱导作用电位。这表明神经元成熟和成功的重新编程。

随后,切换到电压夹并测量向内钠,并在 10 毫伏的降极步下延迟校正钾电流。这里是一个后记录生物细胞素填充重新编程神经元,显示成熟的神经元形态和树突状脊柱。在这里,重新编程的神经元的电生理记录显示,与自发活动措施存在术后功能连接。

跟踪显示抑制活性被阻断与皮罗毒素, GABAA受体拮抗剂和兴奋活性被阻塞与CNQX, AMPA受体拮抗剂.修补的神经元在注射后五周已经显示注射后活动,注射后8周和12周继续。具有当前诱导作用潜力的神经元数量也会随着时间的推移而增加。

更详细的分析揭示了几种不同的发射模式,其中大多数细胞表现出类似于帕瓦尔布明内维龙的快速尖峰活动。免疫石化学分析在12周进一步显示共同表达记者GP和帕瓦尔布明。按照此过程,您可以使用贴片查找技术检查基因表达,或评估具有单突触追踪和 iDISCO 的三维突触连接。

现在,有可能重新编程居民胶质到帕瓦尔布明表达实习,我们已经开始调查这些是否是真实的,可以用作治疗工具。在处理动物和使用 AAV 病毒时,请记住遵循既定的协议和准则。

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