Name: digestive hormones and stomach control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 40 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Hormonal Regulation

Die Verdauung umfasst das neuroendokrine System, wobei das Gehirn die Verdauungshormone zu bestimmten Zeiten während des gesamten Prozesses überwacht und freisetzt.
 Im Magen setzen die Drüsen während der Magenphase, wenn Proteine nachgewiesen werden, zwei Hormone frei; Gastrin und Histamin, die die Produktion von Salzsäure anregen und die Magensäfte erhöhen, die die Nahrung in Chymus (Speisebrei) aufspalten.
 Die Ankunft des Chymus im Zwölffingerdarm verursacht die Freisetzung mehrerer Hormone, die den Verdauungsprozess im Magen unterbrechen und die Bewegung des Chymus durch den Rest des Systems stimulieren.
 Zum Beispiel verlangsamt Magen-Hemm-Peptid oder GIP die Magenverstimmung.
 Sekretin und Cholecystokinin oder CCK bewirken dann, dass sich der Schließmuskel zwischen Magen und Zwölffingerdarm schließt, wodurch die Freisetzung von Chymus begrenzt wird.
 Sekretin hemmt auch die Magensaftproduktion und stimuliert die Freisetzung von Bicarbonaten aus der Bauchspeicheldrüse, um den Säuregehalt des Chymus zu neutralisieren und CCK stimuliert Verdauungsenzyme aus der Bauchspeicheldrüse und Galle aus der Gallenblase.
 Schließlich ist Peptid YY ein Hormon, das vom Ilium, dem Ende des Dünndarms und dem Dickdarm freigesetzt wird.
 Es verlangsamt die Bewegung des Chymus in den Dickdarm, so dass Wasser und Elektrolyte leicht absorbiert werden können.
 Peptid YY ist auch ein "Ich bin voll"-Signal, welches an das Gehirn gesendet wird, um den Essprozess anzuhalten.

Ye, Lihua und Rodger A. Liddle. "Gastrointestinale Hormone und das Darmkonnektom." Aktuelle Meinung in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity 24, Nr. 1 (Februar 2017): 9–14. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000299" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

Kairupan, Timothy Sean, Haruka Amitani, Kai-Chun Cheng, Joshua Runtuwene, Akihiro Asakawa und Akio Inui. "Die Rolle von Magen-Darm-Hormonen beim Fütterungsverhalten und bei der Behandlung von Fettleibigkeit." Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 51, Nr. 2 (1. Februar 2016): 93–103. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-015-1118-4" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

hormonelle regulierung

Hormone regulieren einen signifikanten Teil der Verdauung, indem sie das neuroendokrine System aktivieren. Das neuroendokrine System der Verdauung enthält viele verschiedene Hormone mit vielfältigen Funktionen. Sie sind sowohl direkt als auch indirekt an der Verdauung beteiligt.
 
 <h4>Der Vorgang</h4>
 
 <Im Magen wird die Pylorusdrüse zur Freisetzung von Gastrin angeregt, wenn Proteine von den sensorischen Neuronen des enterischen Nervensystems erkannt werden. Dieses Hormon wiederum induziert die Freisetzung von Histamin. Zusammen initiieren sie die Produktion von Salzsäure, welche die Verdauung ermöglicht, wobei die Nahrung in Chymus umgewandelt wird. Wenn der pH-Wert des Magens zu sauer wird, stoppt eine negative Feedbackschleife die Produktion beider Hormone.
 
 Der Chymus wandert dann in den Zwölffingerdarm, wo mehrere Hormone mit verschiedenen Funktionen freigesetzt werden. Einige hemmen die Verdauung im Magen. Das sogenannte "Gastric inhibitory peptide" (GIP) verlangsamt das Vermischen im Magen. Secretin hemmt die Magensaftproduktion und veranlasst zusammen mit Cholecystokinin (CCK) den Pylorusschließmuskel zwischen Magen und Zwölffingerdarm zu schließen. Dadurch wird das Chymusvolumen im Zwölffingerdarm begrenzt und die Verdauungsgeschwindigkeit angeregt.
 
 Sobald das Chymus den Zwölffingerdarm erreicht, veranlasst Sekretin die Freisetzung von Bikarbonat aus der Bauchspeicheldrüse. Dies reduziert den Säuregehalt des Chymus, schützt die empfindliche Schleimhaut des Zwölffingerdarms und schafft ein optimales Milieu, in dem die Verdauungsenzyme funktionieren können. Die Verdauungsenzyme und die Galle werden durch CCK stimuliert und dann aus der Bauchspeicheldrüse und der Gallenblase freigesetzt, so dass die Verdauung durch den Dünndarm fortgesetzt wird.
 
 Am Ende des Dünndarms, im Ileum, wird ein weiteres Hormon freigesetzt: das Peptid YY (PYY), sobald der Chymus in den Dickdarm gelangt. Dieses Hormon wird im Laufe der Zeit freigesetzt und erreicht seinen Höhepunkt etwa 1-2 Stunden nach dem Essen. Seine Funktion ist es, die Passage von Chymus in den Dickdarm zu verlangsamen, damit Wasser und Elektrolyte maximal absorbiert werden können. Es dient auch als Sättigungssignal für das Gehirn, das dem Organismus anzeigt, mit dem Essen aufzuhören. PYY kann eine Rolle bei der Fettleibigkeit spielen. Bei fettleibigen Personen wurden niedrige PYY-Werte im Vergleich zu nicht fettleibigen Personen beobachtet. Ein synthetisches Analogon von PYY wird als mögliche Behandlung von Adipositas untersucht.

Hormonelle Regulierung

Hormone regulieren einen erheblichen Teil der Verdauung durch Aktivierung des neuroendokrinen Systems. Das neuroendokrine System der Verdauung enthält viele ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Human Biology

Humanbiologie

Nutrition and Digestion

Ernährung und Verdauung

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

digestive hormones and stomach control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion.

In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the stomach becomes more acidic, a negative feedback loop stops both hormones.

After chyme enters the duodenum, several hormones are released. Gastric inhibitory peptide, or GIP, slows stomach churning. Secretin lowers gastric juice production and, together with cholecystokinin, or CCK, causes the pyloric sphincter to close between the stomach and duodenum. This limits how much chyme enters the duodenum and helps pace digestion.

Secretin also prompts the pancreas to release bicarbonate. Bicarbonate reduces the acidity of the chyme. This protects the lining of the duodenum and creates the right conditions for digestive enzymes to work. CCK also stimulates the pancreas and gallbladder to release digestive enzymes and bile, so digestion can continue through the small intestine.

Near the end of the small intestine, in the ileum, peptide YY, or PYY, is released as chyme moves toward the large intestine. PYY rises over time and peaks about 1 to 2 hours after eating. It slows chyme movement so water and electrolytes can be absorbed. It also sends a satiety signal to the brain, which helps tell the body to stop eating. Low PYY levels have been seen in obese compared with non-obese individuals, and a synthetic PYY analog is being studied as a possible obesity treatment.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, and PYY control acid release, enzyme action, and satiety as food moves through the digestive tract.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control | JoVE K12

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Die JoVE-Serie erweckt die Biologie durch über 300 prägnante und leicht verständliche animierte Video-Lektionen zum Leben, die Schlüsselkonzepte der Biologie erklären, sowie durch mehr als 150 Videos von Wissenschaftlern in der Praxis, die aktuelle Forschungsexperimente in den Labors von heute zeigen.

9-12.HA.1.10.b

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.46

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structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

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1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how differences in cellular structure (mitochondria, cytoskeletal structure, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane) lead to differences in the function and organization of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous).

9-12.HA.1.1

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Dermis
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

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2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

9-12.HA.1.2

Thermoregulation

The body regulates core temperature through negative feedback mechanisms.
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection

Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal ...

Surface Membrane Barriers

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...

a. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the integumentary system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain how changes in vessel diameter and evaporation of water over the skin contribute to thermoregulation (cardiovascular). Explain how sweat is used to excrete nitrogenous waste from the blood (cardiovascular). Explain how the skin and mucous membranes create a barrier against infection (immune system).

9-12.HA.1.2.a

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The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
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Classification of Bones

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Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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Joints

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3. Develop and use a model to illustrate how the structures of the skeletal system contribute to its function. Examples: Create a diagram or 3D model to illustrate bone shape, joint types, and bones in the appendicular and axial skeletons. Use models to illustrate the role of the skeletal system in movements around joints, support of a body structure, and protection of soft tissues.

9-12.HA.1.3

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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the ...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

a. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information describing the growth and development of the skeletal system.

9-12.HA.1.3.a

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b. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the skeletal system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain the role of spongy bone in hematopoiesis (cardiovascular system) and leukopoiesis (immune system). Explain how the storage of minerals in bone contributes to homeostasis.

9-12.HA.1.3.b

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Naming Skeletal Muscles

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Muscle Coordination and Action

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Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

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4. Develop and build a three-dimensional model to illustrate the structures of the muscular system, including muscle locations, origins, and insertions, and explain their roles in movement and support. Example: Design and build a model of a lever to illustrate the relationship between bones and muscles and explain their roles in body movement and support.

9-12.HA.1.4

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

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excitation-contraction-coupling-in-skeletal-muscles

Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles

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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

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a. Model the cellular physiology of skeletal muscle, including how the cell functions in muscle contraction and relaxation. Example: Use straws and paper to create a model of a sarcomere to illustrate how the fibers move during contraction and relaxation.

9-12.HA.1.4.a

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

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Muscle Stimulation Frequency

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b. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain muscle fatigue and tone in terms of muscle cell physiology.

9-12.HA.1.4.b

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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information explaining the relationship between the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

9-12.HA.1.5

Action Potential

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Propagation of Action Potentials

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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

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a. Use a model to illustrate the role of action potentials in neural transmission. Clarification: Discussions of sodium-potassium pumps and ion channels are not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.a

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b. Construct an explanation of the role of reflex arcs, the central nervous system, and special senses in the response to stimuli to maintain homeostasis and guide behavior. Example: smelling a strong odor initiating a sneeze response using a reflex arc; pupil diameter changing in relation to the amount of light entering the eye Clarification: Discussion of the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.b

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c. Construct an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters in the functions and behavior of the nervous system. Clarification: Discussion of classes of neurotransmitters is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.c

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d. Obtain, evaluate, and summarize scientific findings regarding the biological origin of emotions and memories in distinct regions of the brain. Examples: the role of the frontal lobe in emotional regulation, the regulation of fear response by the amygdala

9-12.HA.1.5.d

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

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