Name: digestive hormones and stomach control
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:01.422Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Hormonal Regulation

Digestion is regulated by the neuroendocrine system, which includes both neural and hormonal mechanisms. In response to food, cells throughout the digestive tract release hormones that regulate digestive secretions and motility.In the stomach, during the gastric phase, proteins in food trigger the release of gastrin. Gastrin stimulates the release of histamine, a signaling molecule.Both gastrin and histamine stimulate the production of hydrochloric acid and increase gastric juice secretion, which helps break down food into chyme.When chyme enters the duodenum, the small intestine releases hormones that slow stomach activity and control the movement of chyme through the rest of the digestive tract.Two of these hormones, gastric inhibitory peptide, or GIP, and cholecystokinin, or CCK, are released when chyme with high glucose and fats enters the small intestine.GIP signals the pancreas to release insulin. CCK signals the pancreas to release digestive enzymes and the gallbladder to release bile. Bile helps break down fats.Another hormone, secretin, is released in the presence of acidic chyme. It stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to neutralize the acidity of the chyme and protect the lining of the small intestine.Lastly, peptide YY is a hormone released by the ileum, the end of the small intestine, and the colon. It slows gastric emptying and intestinal motility so that water and electrolytes are readily absorbed. Peptide YY is also an &#x201C;I&#x27;m full&#x201D; signal sent to the brain and helps stop eating.

hormonal regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.The ProcessStarting in the stomach, when proteins are detected by sensory neurons of the enteric nervous system, the pyloric gland is stimulated to release gastrin. In turn, this hormone induces the release of histamine. Combined, they initiate the production of hydrochloric acid which facilitates digestion&#x2014;turning food into chyme. When the pH of the stomach becomes more acidic, a negative feedback loop halts the production of both hormones.The chyme then moves to the duodenum, where several hormones are released&#x2014;each with multiple functions. Some inhibit digestion in the stomach. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) slows stomach churning. Secretin inhibits gastric juice production and, along with cholecystokinin (CCK), induces the pyloric sphincter between the stomach and duodenum to close. This limits the volume of chyme in the duodenum, pacing the rate of digestion.Once the chyme is in the duodenum, secretin prompts the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas. This reduces the acidity of the chyme, protecting the sensitive lining of the duodenum and setting up an optimal environment in which digestive enzymes can function. Digestive enzymes and bile are released from the pancreas and gallbladder when stimulated by CCK, allowing digestion to continue through the small intestine.At the end of the small intestine, in the ileum, another hormone is released: peptide YY (PYY) just as chyme is passing into the large intestine. This hormone is released over time, peaking about 1-2 hours after eating. Its function is to slow the passage of chyme into the large intestine so water and electrolytes can be maximally absorbed. It also serves as a satiety signal to the brain, indicating to the organism to stop eating. PYY may play a role in obesity. Low levels of PYY have been observed in obese compared to non-obese individuals. A synthetic analog of PYY is being investigated as a possible treatment for obesity.

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Genetics

Nutrition and Digestion

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

digestive hormones and stomach control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion.

In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the stomach becomes more acidic, a negative feedback loop stops both hormones.

After chyme enters the duodenum, several hormones are released. Gastric inhibitory peptide, or GIP, slows stomach churning. Secretin lowers gastric juice production and, together with cholecystokinin, or CCK, causes the pyloric sphincter to close between the stomach and duodenum. This limits how much chyme enters the duodenum and helps pace digestion.

Secretin also prompts the pancreas to release bicarbonate. Bicarbonate reduces the acidity of the chyme. This protects the lining of the duodenum and creates the right conditions for digestive enzymes to work. CCK also stimulates the pancreas and gallbladder to release digestive enzymes and bile, so digestion can continue through the small intestine.

Near the end of the small intestine, in the ileum, peptide YY, or PYY, is released as chyme moves toward the large intestine. PYY rises over time and peaks about 1 to 2 hours after eating. It slows chyme movement so water and electrolytes can be absorbed. It also sends a satiety signal to the brain, which helps tell the body to stop eating. Low PYY levels have been seen in obese compared with non-obese individuals, and a synthetic PYY analog is being studied as a possible obesity treatment.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, and PYY control acid release, enzyme action, and satiety as food moves through the digestive tract.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control | JoVE K12

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biology

9-12.HA.1.10.b

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.46

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1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how differences in cellular structure (mitochondria, cytoskeletal structure, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane) lead to differences in the function and organization of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous).

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2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

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a. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the integumentary system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain how changes in vessel diameter and evaporation of water over the skin contribute to thermoregulation (cardiovascular). Explain how sweat is used to excrete nitrogenous waste from the blood (cardiovascular). Explain how the skin and mucous membranes create a barrier against infection (immune system).

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a. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information describing the growth and development of the skeletal system.

9-12.HA.1.3.a

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9-12.HA.1.4

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a. Model the cellular physiology of skeletal muscle, including how the cell functions in muscle contraction and relaxation. Example: Use straws and paper to create a model of a sarcomere to illustrate how the fibers move during contraction and relaxation.

9-12.HA.1.4.a

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b. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain muscle fatigue and tone in terms of muscle cell physiology.

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Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

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