Name: carbohydrates as energy and storage molecules
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:53.000Z
Duration: 3 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-6

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Kohlenhydrate sind Verbindungen, die aus Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff bestehen. Diese Moleküle haben ihren Namen von der Summenformel vieler Monosaccharide, die für jeden Kohlenstoff zwei Wasserstoffatome und ein Sauerstoffatom haben.
Einfache Kohlenhydrate sind Monomere, die Monosaccharide genannt werden, und Dimere, die Disaccharide genannt werden. Komplexe Kohlenhydrate sind Polymere, die als Polysaccharide bezeichnet werden.
Ein Monosaccharid kann nach seiner funktionellen Gruppe als Aldose oder Ketose klassifiziert werden. Diejenigen mit einer Aldehydgruppe werden als Aldosen und diejenigen mit einer Ketongruppe als Ketosen bezeichnet.
Monosaccharide enthalten in der Regel drei bis sieben Kohlenstoffatome in ihren Ketten. Jeder der Kohlenstoffe kann nummeriert werden, beginnend mit der Zahl eins von dem Ende, das dem Carbonylkohlenstoff am nächsten liegt.
Zucker können nicht-planare Ringstrukturen bilden und kommen in der Natur meist in dieser zyklischen Form vor. Ringstrukturen entstehen, wenn die Carbonylgruppe mit einer Hydroxylgruppe am gegenüberliegenden Ende des Moleküls durch eine Kondensationsreaktion reagiert. Der Kohlenstoff, der an den reaktiven Aldehyd oder das Keton gebunden ist, wird auch als anomerer Kohlenstoff bezeichnet.
Diese Kohlenstoff-Sauerstoff-Ringstrukturen können in zwei Anomeren vorliegen: Alpha und Beta. Anomere sind Strukturisomere, die sich in der Konfiguration am Carbonylkohlenstoff unterscheiden. In der Alpha-Form befinden sich die Hydroxylgruppe auf dem anomeren Kohlenstoff und die CH2-OH-Gruppe auf dem letzten Kohlenstoff innerhalb des Rings auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten des Rings, und in der Beta-Form befinden sie sich auf derselben Seite.
Eine ähnliche Namenskonvention wird für Bindungen verwendet, die die Monosaccharide mit anderen Molekülen verbinden. 
Bindungen, die unterhalb der Ringstruktur gebildet werden, werden als Alpha-Bindungen bezeichnet, während Bindungen oberhalb des Rings als Beta-Bindungen bezeichnet werden. Die Zahlen im Namen der glykosidischen Bindungen geben die Kohlenstoffzahlen der Monosaccharide an, die an den Bindungen beteiligt sind.
Wenn sich zwei Monosaccharide durch glykosidische Bindungen miteinander verbinden, bilden sie Disaccharide.
Glykosidische Bindungen sind kovalente Bindungen, die gebildet werden, wenn die Hydroxylgruppe eines Monosaccharids mit dem anomeren Kohlenstoff eines anderen Monosaccharids unter Eliminierung eines Wassermoleküls reagiert.
Polysaccharide oder komplexe Kohlenhydrate sind eine Kette von Monosacchariden, die durch kovalente Bindungen zusammengehalten werden. Eine Variation der in diesen Molekülen vorhandenen glykosidischen Bindungen kann zu verschiedenen Arten von Polysacchariden aus demselben Monosaccharid führen.
Glukosemoleküle, die durch β-1,4-glykosidische Bindungen verbunden sind, bilden Cellulose, ein wasserunlösliches Polysaccharid. Glukosemoleküle, die durch α-1,4-glykosidische Bindungen verbunden sind, bilden Amylose, ein wasserlösliches Polymer und Bestandteil von Stärke. Stärke und Zellulose sind Polysaccharide, die in Pflanzen vorkommen.
Glykogen ist ein wasserunlösliches Molekül aus Glukose, das durch α-1,4-glykosidische Bindungen und intermittierende Verzweigungen durch α-1,6-glykosidische Bindungen verbunden ist. Glykogen dient bei Tieren als Speicherpolysaccharid.

chemie der kohlenhydrate

Kohlenhydrate sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier. Getreide, Obst und Gemüse sind natürliche Kohlenhydratquellen, die den Körper mit Energie versorgen, insbesondere durch Glukose, einen Einfachzucker, der Bestandteil von Stärke und Bestandteil vieler Grundnahrungsmittel ist. Die stöchiometrische Formel (CH2O)n, wobei n die Anzahl der Kohlenstoffe im Molekül ist, stellt Kohlenhydrate dar. Mit anderen Worten: Das Verhältnis von Kohlenstoff zu Wasserstoff zu Sauerstoff beträgt in Kohlenhydratmolekülen 1:2:1. Diese Formel erklärt auch den Ursprung des Begriffs „Kohlenhydrate“: Die Bestandteile sind Kohlenstoff („Carbo“) und Wasser („Hydrat“). Kohlenhydrate können in einfache und komplexe Kohlenhydrate eingeteilt werden. Monosaccharide und Disaccharide sind einfache Kohlenhydrate. Polysaccharide sind komplexe Kohlenhydrate. Monosaccharide Monosaccharide sind einfache Zucker, der häufigste ist Glukose. In Monosacchariden liegt die Anzahl der Kohlenstoffe normalerweise zwischen drei und sieben. Wenn der Zucker eine Aldehydgruppe (die funktionelle Gruppe mit der Struktur R-CHO) hat, ist er eine Aldose, und wenn er eine Ketongruppe hat (die funktionelle Gruppe mit der Struktur RC(=O)R'), ist er eine Ketose. Abhängig von der Anzahl der Kohlenstoffe im Zucker kann es sich um Triosen (drei Kohlenstoffe), Pentosen (fünf Kohlenstoffe) und/oder Hexosen (sechs Kohlenstoffe) handeln. Galaktose und Fruktose sind weitere häufig vorkommende Monosaccharide. Glucose, Galactose und Fructose sind isomere Monosaccharide (Hexosen), das heißt, sie haben die gleiche chemische Formel, aber leicht unterschiedliche Strukturen. Glucose und Galactose sind Aldosen und Fructose ist eine Ketose. Monosaccharide können als lineare Kette oder als ringförmige Moleküle vorliegen. In wässrigen Lösungen liegen sie meist in Ringform vor. Glucose in Ringform kann zwei verschiedene Hydroxylgruppenanordnungen (OH) um den anomeren Kohlenstoff (Kohlenstoff 1, der im Ringbildungsprozess asymmetrisch wird) aufweisen. Befindet sich die Hydroxylgruppe im Zucker unterhalb der Kohlenstoffzahl 1, befindet sie sich in der Alpha-Position (α), befindet sie sich oberhalb der Ebene, befindet sie sich in der Beta-Position (β). <h4>Disaccharide</h4> Disaccharide entstehen, wenn zwei Monosaccharide eine Dehydratisierungsreaktion (oder eine Kondensationsreaktion oder Dehydratisierungssynthese) durchlaufen. Während dieses Prozesses verbindet sich die Hydroxylgruppe eines Monosaccharids mit dem Wasserstoff eines anderen Monosaccharids, wodurch ein Wassermolekül freigesetzt und eine kovalente Bindung gebildet wird. Dies wird als glykosidische Bindung bezeichnet. Glykosidische Bindungen (oder glykosidische Verknüpfungen) können vom Alpha- oder Beta-Typ sein. Eine Alpha-Bindung entsteht, wenn die OH-Gruppe am Kohlenstoff-1 der ersten Glucose unterhalb der Ringebene liegt, und eine Beta-Bindung entsteht, wenn die OH-Gruppe am Kohlenstoff-1 oberhalb der Ringebene liegt. Das häufigste Disaccharid ist Saccharose oder Haushaltszucker, der aus Glukose- und Fruktosemonomeren besteht. <h4>Polysaccharide</h4> Eine lange Kette von Monosacchariden, die durch glykosidische Bindungen verbunden sind, ist ein Polysaccharid. Die Kette kann verzweigt oder unverzweigt sein und verschiedene Arten von Monosacchariden enthalten. Das Molekulargewicht kann je nach Anzahl der verbundenen Monomere 100.000 Dalton oder mehr betragen. Stärke, Glykogen, Zellulose und Chitin sind Beispiele für Polysaccharide. Pflanzen speichern Stärke in Form von Zucker. In Pflanzen besteht eine Mischung aus Amylose und Amylopektin (beides Glukosepolymere) aus diesen Zuckern. Stärke besteht aus Glucosemonomeren, die durch glykosidische α 1-4- oder α 1-6-Bindungen verbunden sind. Die Zahlen 1-4 und 1-6 beziehen sich auf die Kohlenstoffzahl der beiden Reste, die sich zu der Bindung verbunden haben. Glykogen ist die Speicherform von Glukose beim Menschen und anderen Wirbeltieren und besteht aus Glukosemonomeren. Glykogen ist das tierische Äquivalent von Stärke und ein hochverzweigtes Molekül, das normalerweise in Leber- und Muskelzellen gespeichert wird. Wenn der Blutzuckerspiegel sinkt, wird Glykogen abgebaut und Glukose freigesetzt. Zellulose ist das am häufigsten vorkommende natürliche Biopolymer. Zellulose besteht hauptsächlich aus der Zellwand einer Pflanze. Dies sorgt für die strukturelle Unterstützung der Zelle. Holz und Papier bestehen größtenteils aus Zellulose. Glucosemonomere bestehen aus Cellulose, die über β-1-4-glykosidische Bindungen verknüpft sind. Dieser Text wurde angepasst von <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-2-carbohydrates">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.4: Carbohydrates.</a>

Chemie der Kohlenhydrate

Kohlenhydrate sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier. Getreide, Obst und Gemüse sind natürliche Kohlenhydratquellen, die ...

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carbohydrates as energy and storage molecules

Carbohydrates are important energy sources in human and animal diets. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates. They help provide energy to the body, especially through glucose, a simple sugar found in starch and many staple foods.

Carbohydrates are identified by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. This means the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is usually 1:2:1. The name carbohydrate comes from this pattern, with carbon meaning &quot;carbo&quot; and water meaning &quot;hydrate.&quot;

Carbohydrates are grouped into simple and complex forms. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple carbohydrates. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates.

Monosaccharides are simple sugars, and glucose is the most common example. Their carbon chains usually have three to seven carbons. If a sugar has an aldehyde group, it is called an aldose. If it has a ketone group, it is called a ketose. Monosaccharides can also be named by carbon number, such as trioses, pentoses, and hexoses.

Galactose and fructose are other common monosaccharides. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are isomeric monosaccharides, which means they have the same chemical formula but different structures. Glucose and galactose are aldoses, while fructose is a ketose. Monosaccharides can appear as linear chains or ring-shaped molecules, and in water they are usually found in ring form. In glucose, the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon can be in the alpha position or the beta position.

Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides join through a dehydration reaction, also called condensation or dehydration synthesis. In this reaction, one sugar loses a hydroxyl group and the other loses a hydrogen, and a water molecule is released. The sugars then form a covalent glycosidic bond. Glycosidic bonds can be alpha or beta type. Sucrose, or table sugar, is the most common disaccharide and is made of glucose and fructose.

Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. These chains may be branched or unbranched, and they may include different kinds of monosaccharides. Their molecular weight may reach 100,000 daltons or more. Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are examples of polysaccharides.

Plants store starch as a form of sugar. Starch is made of amylose and amylopectin, which are both glucose polymers. Its glucose units are joined by alpha 1-4 or alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates. It is the animal equivalent of starch and is highly branched. Glycogen is usually stored in liver and muscle cells, and it breaks down when blood glucose levels drop.

Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer and is a major part of plant cell walls. It gives cells structural support. Wood and paper are mostly cellulosic. Cellulose is made of glucose monomers linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

Carbohydrates as Energy and Storage Molecules

carbohydrates-as-energy-and-storage-molecules

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Carbohydrates are important energy sources in human and animal diets. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates. They help provide energy to the body, especially through glucose, a simple sugar found in starch and many staple foods. Carbohydrates are identified by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. This means the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is usually 1:2:1. The name carbohydrate comes from this pattern,...

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Explore how carbohydrates provide energy and storage, from glucose and sucrose to starch, glycogen, and cellulose, in a high school biology context.

Carbohydrates as Energy and Storage Molecules | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

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Carbohydrates as Energy and Storage Molecules

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