Name: protein folding levels and bonds
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:34:07.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-1

Protein Organization

Während der Translation bildet eine Kette von Aminosäuren, die aus dem Ribosom austreten, die primäre Proteinstruktur. Diese Peptidkette wird durch kovalente Bindungen zwischen den Amino- und Carboxylenden zweier Aminosäuren zusammengehalten.
Einige Aminosäuren gehen Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit ihren Nachbarn ein, um stabile Sekundärstrukturen wie Alpha-Helices und Beta-Faltblätter zu bilden.
Alpha-Helices sind spiralförmige Strukturen, die durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen dem Carbonylsauerstoff und dem Amidwasserstoff jedes vierten Aminosäurerests einer Polypeptidkette zusammengehalten werden.
Beta-Faltblätter sind Zickzack-Polypeptidstrukturen, die entstehen, wenn Abschnitte der Polypeptidkette durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen seitlich wechselwirken.
Zusätzliche chemische Wechselwirkungen zwischen entfernten Aminosäureseitenketten oder dem Peptidrückgrat, wie z. B. hydrophobe Kräfte, Ionenbindungen und Disulfidbrücken, helfen dem Polypeptid, sich in die Tertiärstruktur zu falten. Diese 3D-Form ist die endgültige funktionelle Form für viele Proteine.
Verbinden sich zwei oder mehr Polypeptidketten aus der Tertiärstruktur zu einem größeren Komplex, entsteht eine quartäre Struktur. Dabei kann es sich um homomere oder heteromere Komplexe mit unterschiedlichen zellulären Funktionen handeln.

<ol>
	<li>Sanvictores T., Farci F. Biochemie, Primäre Proteinstruktur. [Aktualisiert am 5. November 2021]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Verlag; 2022 Jan-. Verfügbar von: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564343/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564343/</a></li>
	<li>Abualia, Mohammed, Lianne Schroeder, Megan Garcia, Patrick L. Daubenmire, Donald J. Wink und Ginevra A. Clark. "Verbindung der Proteinstruktur mit intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen: ein Computermodellierungslabor." Zeitschrift für chemische Bildung 93, Nr. 8 (2016): 1353-1363.</li>
</ol>

proteinorganisation

Proteine sind Polymere aus Aminosäureresten. Sie sind vielseitig und für verschiedene zelluläre Funktionen verantwortlich, darunter DNA-Replikation, molekularer Transport, Katalyse und strukturelle Unterstützung. Proteine haben eine hierarchische Struktur, die mindestens drei Organisationsebenen umfasst: Primär-, Sekundär- und Tertiärstruktur. Einige große Proteine haben eine Quartärstruktur, in der einzelne Proteinuntereinheiten miteinander verbunden sind.

Die Primärstruktur eines Proteins ist seine Aminosäuresequenz. Aminosäuren sind durch Peptidbindungen verbunden, um eine Polypeptidkette mit zwei Enden zu bilden: dem Aminoterminus (N-Terminus) und dem Carboxylterminus (C-Terminus). Die Reihenfolge der Aminosäuren bestimmt die endgültige gefaltete Form des Proteins. Zwanzig verschiedene Aminosäuren werden in unterschiedlichen Sequenzen angeordnet, um eine Vielzahl von Polypeptiden zu erzeugen.

Die Sekundärstruktur bezieht sich auf lokal gefaltete Bereiche von Aminosäureketten, die durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen stabilisiert werden. Es gibt zwei Arten von Sekundärstrukturen: Alpha-Helices und Beta-Faltblätter. Diese sekundären Strukturelemente sind durch einfache Schleifen verbunden.

Während sich die Sekundärstrukturen weiter zusammenfügen, entsteht die endgültige gefaltete Form des Proteins. Eine solche dreidimensionale oder tertiäre Struktur eines Proteins wird durch die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Aminosäureseitenketten stabilisiert. Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen, elektrostatische Kräfte, Disulfidbindungen und Vander-Waals-Kräfte stabilisieren die gefaltete Form, bei der es sich häufig um den nativen oder funktionellen Zustand des Proteins handelt.

Wenn zwei oder mehr gefaltete Polypeptidketten, sogenannte Proteinuntereinheiten, einen Komplex bilden, entsteht eine quartäre Proteinstruktur.

Proteinorganisation

Proteine sind Polymere aus Aminosäureresten. Sie sind vielseitig einsetzbar und für verschiedene zelluläre Funktionen verantwortlich, darunter DNA-Replikation, molekulare ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Protein Structure

Proteinstruktur

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

protein folding levels and bonds

Proteins are built from amino acids and folded into shapes that support many cell jobs. They help with DNA replication, molecular transport, catalysis, and structural support. Their function depends on how their amino acids are arranged and folded.

Protein structure is organized in levels. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds, and the chain has two ends: the amino terminus, or N-terminus, and the carboxyl terminus, or C-terminus. Twenty different amino acids can be arranged in many sequences to make a wide variety of polypeptides.

The secondary structure forms when parts of the chain fold locally. These regions are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The two main secondary structures are alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets. Simple loops connect these folded sections.

The tertiary structure is the full three-dimensional fold of one polypeptide chain. It is stabilized by interactions between amino acid side chains. Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, disulfide linkages, and Vander Waals forces help hold the folded protein in its native, functional state.

Some proteins form a quaternary structure. This happens when two or more folded polypeptide chains, called protein subunits, join together into one complex. Large proteins can use this higher level of organization to work as a unit.

Protein Folding Levels and Bonds

what are proteins?

Protein Building Blocks and Folding

Proteins are built from amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Long chains of amino acids are often called polypeptides, and the terms proteins and polypeptides are sometimes used the same way. In this context, polypeptides with a molecular weight below 10,000 daltons are called polypeptides, while proteins have a higher molecular weight. Very short chains with fewer than 20 amino acids are called peptides or oligopeptides. Amino acids are the basic units of proteins. Each amino acid has a...

protein organization

Proteins are built from amino acids and folded into shapes that support many cell jobs. They help with DNA replication, molecular transport, catalysis, and structural support. Their function depends on how their amino acids are arranged and folded. Protein structure is organized in levels. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds, and the chain has two ends: the amino terminus, or N-terminus, and the carboxyl terminus, or...

protein folding

How Amino Acid Sequence Shapes Proteins

Proteins get their shape from the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. After a protein is made, the chain folds into a three-dimensional form that is needed for it to work. The way amino acids interact with one another guides this folding. Protein structure matters because proteins do many jobs in cells. They can speed up chemical reactions, help with immune defense, store materials, carry substances, send cell signals, support movement, and provide structure. A protein usually works...

protein families

Protein Families and Superfamilies

Protein families and superfamilies group proteins with shared features. These groups help scientists organize proteins by common structure, function, or evolutionary history. The classification can show how related proteins are connected across different organisms. A protein family usually includes proteins that are closely related. A superfamily is a broader group that can include several families with more distant relationships. These categories help explain why some proteins share similar...

conservation of protein domains

Protein Domains Shared Across Proteins

Protein domains are shared structural and functional parts of proteins. A domain is a region that can often be found in more than one protein, even when the full proteins are different. This conservation means that a protein domain may keep a similar shape or role across related proteins. Because of that, scientists can compare proteins by looking for domains that stay the same. Conserved domains help reveal how proteins are related and how they may work. The topic of protein domain...

globular and fibrous proteins

Protein Shapes: Globular vs Fibrous

Proteins can have globular or fibrous shapes, and these shapes help explain how they work in the body. Globular proteins are compact and usually fold into rounded forms. Fibrous proteins are long, extended molecules that often provide support and structure. The shape of a protein is tied to its function. Globular proteins often take part in chemical jobs in cells, while fibrous proteins are better suited for strength and stability. These structural differences make the two groups easy to...

intrinsically disordered proteins

Flexible Protein Regions and Disorder

Intrinsically disordered proteins have flexible regions that do not settle into one fixed shape. Instead, these proteins can remain dynamic and change form as they move through the cell. This flexibility is an important part of their structure and function. Many proteins need a stable folded shape to work properly. Intrinsically disordered proteins are different because they may lack a single rigid structure under normal conditions. Their shifting shape can help them take part in cell...

protein complex assembly

Protein Complex Formation and Function

Protein complex formation explains how proteins join together to carry out specific jobs in cells. These groups are called protein complexes, and they can form in more than one way. Some complexes are homomeric, which means they contain the same kind of protein subunit. Others are heteromeric, which means they contain different protein subunits. The assembly process helps show how protein shape and subunit choice affect function. When proteins combine, the resulting complex can behave...

conjugated proteins

Conjugated Proteins and Their Bound Groups

Conjugated proteins are proteins that include a nonprotein part called a prosthetic group. This added group helps give the protein its full structure or function. The video explains how the protein part and the bound group work together. Several common types of conjugated proteins are named by the kind of group attached. Nucleoproteins contain nucleic acids. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate groups, and lipoproteins contain lipid groups. Other examples include phosphoproteins, which have...

amyloid fibrils

Amyloid Fibrils and Protein Aggregation

Amyloid fibrils are protein aggregates with a very specific structure. They are made when proteins misfold and stick together in long, ordered fibers. This structure makes them different from many other protein clumps. Amyloid fibrils are important in biology because they are linked to protein aggregation. Protein aggregation means proteins build up into groups instead of staying properly folded and separate. In many cases, this process is associated with disease and abnormal cell function. <br...

key terms and concepts

Explore protein folding from amino acid sequence to alpha-helices, beta-pleated sheets, tertiary shape, and quaternary protein subunits.

Protein Folding Levels and Bonds | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Zellbiologie veranschaulicht komplexe zelluläre Prozesse in leicht verständlichen und dennoch umfassenden animierten Videolektionen. Diese Sammlung konzentriert sich auf die wesentlichen Bestandteile und Funktionen von Zellen, einschließlich Organellen und Membranen, Zelltransport und Zellenergie. Ergänzt wird sie durch Videos von Wissenschaftlern in Aktion, die die Anwendung der Zellbiologie in realen Forschungsexperimenten demonstrieren.

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

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Protein Families

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Conservation of Protein Domains

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

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Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Amyloid Fibrils

What are Proteins?

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Ligand Binding Sites

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Protein-Protein Interfaces

Protein Folding

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Conserved Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

Levels of Organization

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Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

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Overview of Human Digestion

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Accessory Organs

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Lipid Digestion

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Protein Digestion

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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What is a Nervous System?

Overview

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The Parasympathetic Nervous System

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The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from ...

What is a Sensory System?

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Fertilization

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What is the Skeletal System?

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An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

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Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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Measuring Blood Pressure
ExpandTo prepare for the blood pressure exercise, simply place the appropriate number of alcohol swabs, sphygmomanometers, and ...

Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
ExpandBefore starting the experiment go to the front of the room and collect an alcohol swab, a ...

Blood Flow

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What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
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Kidney Structure

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Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
The collection of blood from mice and rats for ...

What is the Immune System?

Overview

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Bone Remodeling

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Spermatogenesis

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Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Breathing

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, ...

pH Homeostasis

Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because ...

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis (&#34;steady state&#34;). Examples ...

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Protein Folding Levels and Bonds

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