Name: cell energy loss and entropy
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:41:06.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE
Description: Cell energy loss and entropy explain why living things need constant energy input. Cells obtain energy, transform it, and use it to do work, but these transfers are never completely efficient. In each transfer, some energy is lost in a form that cannot be used. In many cases, that lost energy is heat energy.

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Energy

HS-PS3-1

Entropy within the Cell

Lebende Zellen folgen dem zweiten Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik, der besagt, dass Systeme dazu neigen, ohne äußeren Input von niedrigen entropiegeordneten Zuständen zu hohen entropieungeordneten Zuständen zu gelangen.
Zum Beispiel dispergiert der passive Transport von konzentriertem Sauerstoff aus der Lunge in das weniger sauerstoffreiche Blut die Sauerstoffmoleküle, wodurch die Entropie des Systems erhöht wird.
Zellen gewinnen Energie aus dem Abbau von Molekülen wie Glukose. Die Nebenprodukte der Reaktion – Kohlendioxid, Wasser und Wärme – werden an die Umgebung abgegeben, wodurch die Entropie erhöht wird.
Das Überleben von Zellen hängt von hochgeordneten Systemen wie DNA und Proteinen ab. Die Bildung dieser geordneten Strukturen bewirkt eine Abnahme der Entropie des Systems, die mit einer gleichen oder größeren Zunahme der Entropie der Umgebung einhergehen muss.
Einzelne DNA-Stränge sind ungeordnet und ihre Entropie nimmt ab, wenn sie sich zu einer geordneten Doppelhelixstruktur zusammenfügen.
Gleichzeitig wird bei der Doppelhelixbildung Energie an die Umgebung abgegeben. Diese Energie bringt die Umgebung ungeordneter und erhöht ihre Entropie.

entropie innerhalb der zelle

Die Hauptaufgaben einer lebenden Zelle, Energie zu gewinnen, umzuwandeln und für die Arbeit zu nutzen, mögen einfach erscheinen. Der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik erklärt jedoch, warum diese Aufgaben schwieriger sind, als sie scheinen. Keine der Energieübertragungen im Universum ist vollständig effizient. Bei jeder Energieübertragung geht ein Teil der Energie in unbrauchbarer Form verloren. In den meisten Fällen handelt es sich bei dieser Form um Wärmeenergie. Thermodynamisch ist Wärmeenergie als die von einem System auf ein anderes übertragene Energie definiert, die keine Arbeit ist. Beispielsweise geht bei zellulären Stoffwechselreaktionen ein Teil der Energie als Wärmeenergie verloren.

Ein wichtiges Konzept in physikalischen Systemen ist das von Ordnung und Unordnung. Je mehr Energie ein System an seine Umgebung verliert, desto ungeordneter und zufälliger ist das System. Wissenschaftler bezeichnen das Maß für Zufälligkeit oder Unordnung innerhalb eines Systems als Entropie. Hohe Entropie bedeutet hohe Unordnung und niedrige Energie. Auch Moleküle und chemische Reaktionen weisen unterschiedliche Entropien auf. Beispielsweise nimmt die Entropie zu, wenn Moleküle mit hoher Konzentration an einer Stelle diffundieren und sich ausbreiten.

Lebewesen sind hochgeordnet und erfordern eine konstante Energiezufuhr, um in einem Zustand niedriger Entropie gehalten zu werden. Wenn lebende Systeme energiespeichernde Moleküle aufnehmen und durch chemische Reaktionen umwandeln, verlieren sie dabei einen Teil der nutzbaren Energie, da keine Reaktion vollständig effizient ist. Sie produzieren auch Abfälle und Nebenprodukte, die keine nützlichen Energiequellen sind. Dieser Prozess erhöht die Entropie der Systemumgebung. Da bei allen Energieübertragungen ein Teil der nutzbaren Energie verloren geht, besagt der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik, dass jede Energieübertragung oder Umwandlung die Entropie des Universums erhöht. Auch wenn Lebewesen eine hohe Ordnung aufweisen und einen Zustand niedriger Entropie beibehalten, nimmt die Entropie des Universums insgesamt ständig zu, da mit jedem Energietransfer nutzbare Energie verloren geht. Im Wesentlichen befinden sich Lebewesen in einem ständigen harten Kampf gegen diesen ständigen Anstieg der universellen Entropie.

Dieser Text ist adaptiert von <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-3-the-laws-of-thermodynamics">Openstax Biology 2e, Section 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics.</a>

Entropie innerhalb der Zelle

Die Hauptaufgaben einer lebenden Zelle, Energie zu gewinnen, umzuwandeln und zu nutzen, um Arbeit zu verrichten, mögen einfach erscheinen. Der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Energy and Catalysis

Energie und Katalyse

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

cell energy loss and entropy

Cell energy loss and entropy explain why living things need constant energy input. Cells obtain energy, transform it, and use it to do work, but these transfers are never completely efficient. In each transfer, some energy is lost in a form that cannot be used. In many cases, that lost energy is heat energy.

Cell Energy Loss and Entropy

the first law of thermodynamics

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The first law of thermodynamics describes how energy changes form in the universe. The total amount of energy stays constant. Energy can move from one place to another or change into a different form, but it cannot be created or destroyed. These energy changes happen in everyday life. A light bulb changes electrical energy into light energy. A gas stove changes chemical energy in natural gas into heat energy. Plants also carry out a major energy transformation when they convert sunlight energy...

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Entropy and Spontaneous Change

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entropy within the cell

Cell energy loss and entropy explain why living things need constant energy input. Cells obtain energy, transform it, and use it to do work, but these transfers are never completely efficient. In each transfer, some energy is lost in a form that cannot be used. In many cases, that lost energy is heat energy.

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Electron Carriers in Cell Energy Transfer

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How Enzymes Change Shape to Catalyze

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key terms and concepts

Learn how cells use energy, lose some as heat, and increase entropy. See why living things must constantly take in energy to stay organized.

Cell Energy Loss and Entropy | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Zellbiologie veranschaulicht komplexe zelluläre Prozesse in leicht verständlichen und dennoch umfassenden animierten Videolektionen. Diese Sammlung konzentriert sich auf die wesentlichen Bestandteile und Funktionen von Zellen, einschließlich Organellen und Membranen, Zelltransport und Zellenergie. Ergänzt wird sie durch Videos von Wissenschaftlern in Aktion, die die Anwendung der Zellbiologie in realen Forschungsexperimenten demonstrieren.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS2-4.

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HS-PS3-6

Cell Energy Loss and Entropy

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