Name: human survival needs in the body
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Requirements for Human Life

Der menschliche Körper benötigt verschiedene Faktoren wie Nahrung, Sauerstoff und Wasser sowie eine sichere Reihe von physikalischen Bedingungen, einschließlich Körpertemperatur und Luftdruck, um zu überleben.
Die Nahrung wird in Nährstoffe wie Kohlenhydrate, Proteine, Fette, Vitamine und Mineralstoffe verdaut. Diese Nährstoffe liefern Energie und sind für das Wachstum und die Entwicklung des Menschen unerlässlich. 
Sauerstoff hilft durch oxidative Reaktionen, die Energie zu erzeugen, die für verschiedene physiologische Funktionen benötigt wird. Ohne Sauerstoff kann der Körper nur wenige Minuten überleben.
Wasser ist Teil verschiedener biochemischer Reaktionen im Körper und bietet ein Medium für verschiedene Prozesse, wie z. B. Körpersekrete. Es muss regelmäßig wiederhergestellt werden, um den Wasserverlust durch Schwitzen oder Wasserlassen auszugleichen.
Für die Enzyme, die biochemische Reaktionen antreiben, ist eine Körpertemperatur von etwa 36 bis 37 °C erforderlich. Temperaturen über oder unter diesem Bereich stören diese Reaktionen.
Der atmosphärische Druck, der auf den Körper ausgeübt wird, hält die Gase in ihm gelöst. In großen Höhen sinkt der atmosphärische Druck, was sich auf die Atmung und den Gasaustausch in der Lunge auswirkt.

voraussetzungen für das menschliche leben

Die Erde und ihre Atmosphäre haben den Menschen Luft, Wasser und Nahrung zur Verfügung gestellt, aber dies sind nicht die einzigen Voraussetzungen für das Überleben. Menschen benötigen auch eine bestimmte Temperatur- und Druckspanne, die die Erde und ihre Atmosphäre bieten. Sauerstoff Die atmosphärische Luft enthält nur etwa 20 Prozent Sauerstoff, aber dieser Sauerstoff ist eine Schlüsselkomponente der chemischen Reaktionen, die den Körper am Leben halten, einschließlich der Reaktionen, die ATP produzieren. Gehirnzellen sind anfällig für einen Sauerstoffmangel, da sie eine hohe und stabile ATP-Produktion benötigen. Ohne Sauerstoff ist ein Gehirnschaden innerhalb von fünf Minuten wahrscheinlich, und der Tod tritt in der Regel innerhalb von zehn Minuten ein. Nährstoffe Ein Nährstoff ist eine Substanz in Lebensmitteln und Getränken, die für das menschliche Überleben unerlässlich ist. Die drei Grundklassen von Nährstoffen sind Wasser, energieliefernde und körperbildende Nährstoffe sowie Mikronährstoffe - Vitamine und Mineralstoffe. Der wichtigste Nährstoff ist Wasser. Die funktionellen Chemikalien des Körpers werden in Wasser gelöst und transportiert und die chemischen Reaktionen des Lebens finden in Wasser statt. Darüber hinaus ist Wasser der bedeutendste Bestandteil von Zellen, Blut und der Flüssigkeit zwischen den Zellen. Wasser macht etwa 70 Prozent der Körpermasse eines Erwachsenen aus. Die energieliefernden Nährstoffe sind hauptsächlich Kohlenhydrate und Lipide, während Proteine die Aminosäuren liefern, die die Bausteine des Körpers sind. Menschen nehmen diese in pflanzlichen und tierischen Lebensmitteln und Getränken zu sich und das Verdauungssystem zerlegt sie in Moleküle, die klein genug sind, um absorbiert zu werden. Die Abbauprodukte von Kohlenhydraten und Lipiden können dann in den Stoffwechselprozessen verwendet werden, die sie in ATP umwandeln. Wasser und energieliefernde Nährstoffe werden auch Makronährstoffe genannt, da der Körper sie in großen Mengen benötigt. Die Mikronährstoffe sind an vielen essentiellen chemischen Reaktionen und Prozessen beteiligt, wie zum Beispiel den Nervenimpulsen. Einige, beispielsweise Calcium, tragen auch zur Struktur des Körpers bei. Der Körper kann ein paar der Mikronährstoffe in seinen Geweben speichern und bei einem Mangel in der Ernährung für einige Tage oder Wochen auf diese Reserven zurückgreifen. Andere Mikronährstoffe, wie Vitamin C und die meisten B-Vitamine, sind wasserlöslich und können nicht gespeichert werden. Daher müssen sie regelmäßig in ausgewogener Menge konsumiert werden. Enge Temperaturspanne Die chemischen Reaktionen, von denen der Körper abhängig ist, können nur innerhalb eines engen Körpertemperaturbereichs von knapp unter bis knapp über 37°C (98,6°F) stattfinden. Wenn die Körpertemperatur deutlich über oder unter dem Normalwert liegt, verlieren bestimmte Proteine (Enzyme), die chemische Reaktionen ermöglichen, ihre normale Struktur und ihre Fähigkeit zur Funktion, und die chemischen Reaktionen des Stoffwechsels können nicht stattfinden. Der Körper kann jedoch effektiv auf kurzfristige Hitze- oder Kälteeinwirkung reagieren. Eine der Reaktionen des Körpers auf Hitze ist das Schwitzen. Wenn Schweiß auf der Haut verdunstet, wird dem Körper ein wenig thermische Energie entzogen, was ihn abkühlt. Der Körper kann auch effektiv auf kurzfristige Kälteeinwirkung reagieren. Eine Reaktion auf Kälte ist das Zittern, eine zufällige Muskelbewegung, die Wärme erzeugt. Enge Spanne des atmosphärischen Drucks Der atmosphärische Druck erfüllt nicht nur die Funktion, die Blutgase gelöst zu halten. Die Fähigkeit zu atmen hängt auch von genauen atmosphärischen Druckverhältnissen ab. Die Höhenkrankheit entsteht, weil die Atmosphäre in großen Höhen weniger Druck ausübt, was den Gasaustausch reduziert und zu Atemnot, Verwirrtheit, Kopfschmerzen, Schlaffheit und Übelkeit führt. Dieser Text wurde aus dem Artikel <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-4-requirements-for-human-life">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.4: Requirements for Human Life</a>

Voraussetzungen für das menschliche Leben

Die Erde und ihre Atmosphäre haben die Menschen mit Luft, Wasser und Nahrung versorgt, aber das sind nicht die einzigen Voraussetzungen für das Überleben. Auch der Mensch benötigt eine ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomie und Physiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Introduction to the Human Body

Einführung in den menschlichen Körper

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

human survival needs in the body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits.

Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen because they need steady ATP production. Brain damage is likely within five minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes.

Nutrients are substances in foods and beverages that are essential for survival. The three basic classes are water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients, which include vitamins and minerals. Water is the most critical nutrient. It dissolves and carries the body’s functional chemicals, and many life processes take place in water. Water is also the main component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells, and it makes up about 70 percent of an adult’s body mass.

Energy-yielding nutrients are mainly carbohydrates and lipids. Proteins provide amino acids, which are the body’s building blocks. Humans get these nutrients from plant and animal foods and from beverages, and the digestive system breaks them into molecules small enough to absorb. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then enter metabolic processes that produce ATP. Water and energy-yielding nutrients are called macronutrients because the body needs them in large amounts.

Micronutrients help many essential chemical reactions and processes, including nerve impulses. Some, such as calcium, also support body structure. The body can store some micronutrients in tissues and use those reserves if they are missing from the diet for a few days or weeks. Other micronutrients, including vitamin C and most B vitamins, are water-soluble and cannot be stored well, so they must be eaten regularly in balanced amounts.

Body temperature must also stay in a narrow range. The chemical reactions the body depends on can occur only from just below to just above 37 degrees Celsius, or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. If body temperature rises too high or falls too low, enzymes lose their normal shape and cannot do their jobs, so metabolism cannot continue properly. The body can still respond to short-term heat or cold. Sweating cools the body as sweat evaporates, and shivering creates heat through random muscle movement.

Atmospheric pressure is another requirement for life. It helps keep blood gases dissolved, and it also supports breathing. At high altitude, the atmosphere exerts less pressure, which reduces gas exchange. This can cause altitude sickness, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

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Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

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anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

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Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

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Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn how oxygen, nutrients, body temperature, and atmospheric pressure support human survival, ATP production, and normal body function in high school biology.

Human Survival Needs in the Body | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-3

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.a

BIO.2.c

LS.2

LS.2.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.1.2.1.1

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New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L1

HS.L1U1.20

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.7

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-2.

Compounds Essential to Human Function

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Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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Solution Preparation
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Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

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Protein Denaturation

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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LS.Bio.1.1

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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Ribozymes

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LS.Bio.1.2

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

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