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JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
RNA-Editing
RNA-Editing
JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
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JoVE Core Molecular Biology
RNA Editing

11.3: RNA-Editing

9,372 Views
02:23 min
November 23, 2020
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the structure and function of a protein and may lead to the production of multiple variants of a protein from a single gene.

Insertional and Deletional RNA Editing

Insertional and deletional RNA editing involves the addition and deletion of specific nucleotides or sequences of nucleotides from pre-mRNA. In RNA editing in the mitochondria of some pathogenic trypanosomes, hundreds of noncoding uridines are added and specific uridine residues are deleted from the pre-mRNA. These additions and deletions are performed by an enzyme complex, called the editosome.  The editosome is guided by a special RNA transcript known as guide RNA (gRNA). gRNA attaches to the target pre-mRNA region with the help of a complementary anchor sequence, which is 10-15 nucleotides long. gRNA also has a template sequence that instructs the editosome as to the location and number of uridine residues to be added or deleted in the pre-mRNA. More than 50% of the mitochondrial RNA of some trypanosomes is formed by the addition of uridine residues.

Substitutional RNA Editing

Substitutional RNA editing by base modifications is observed In higher eukaryotes, where the base is modified without changing the length of the pre-mRNA. In vertebrates, deamination reactions involving adenosine and cytidine are the most common type of RNA editing. Adenosine is deaminated to inosine by a single enzyme known as adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR). To recognize the editing site, ADAR needs a double-stranded RNA structure formed between the target region and the downstream complementary intron region of the pre-mRNA. There are three types of ADAR enzymes found in vertebrates. ADAR1 and ADAR2 enzymes are found in various tissues whereas ADAR3 is specific to the brain of some species. Another less common type of RNA editing is observed in the ApoB gene of mammals where cytidine is modified to uridine. This is accomplished by a complex of enzymes including apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1 (APOBEC1). Though RNA editing is a relatively rare phenomenon in vertebrates, defects in the process can cause several diseases associated with the central nervous system, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, depression, and schizophrenia.

Transcript

RNA-Editierung ist ein Prozess, bei dem eine Nukleotidsequenz in der Vorläufer oder Prä-mRNA nach der Transkription verändert wird. Es ermöglicht einem Organismus, verschiedene Formen eines Proteins zu produzieren, ohne die DNA-Sequenz zu verändern.

Die mRNA-Editierung bei Wirbeltieren ist das Ergebnis einer ortsspezifischen Basendesaminierung, einer Reaktion, bei der eine Aminogruppe aus einer stickstoffhaltigen Base, Adenin oder Cytosin, entfernt wird.

Wenn Adenosin desaminiert wird, wird es in Inosin umgewandelt. Inosin ähnelt stark an Guanosin und kann die Übersetzungsmaschinerie dazu verleiten, Inosin als Guanosin zu lesen.

Diese Reaktion ist die häufigste Art der RNA-Editierung bei Tieren und wird durch das Enzym Adenosin-Desaminase katalysiert, das auf RNA oder ADAR wirkt.

Der ADAR erkennt eine prä-mRNA-Haarnadelschleife, die an einem Exon-Intron-Übergang gebildet wird, und editiert ein spezifisches Adenin, das auf dem Exon vorhanden ist.

Bei Wirbeltieren editiert ADAR die prä-mRNA des Glutamatrezeptors. Ein spezifisches C-A-G-Codon wird zu C-I-G modifiziert, das dann vom Ribosom als C-G-G gelesen wird. Diese Substitution ersetzt ein Glutamin durch ein Arginin im Endprotein.

Die zweite Art der mRNA-Editierung tritt auf, wenn Cytidin zu Uridin deaminiert wird. Die Editierung der Apolipoprotein B prä-mRNA ist ein gut untersuchtes Beispiel.

Es gibt zwei Arten von Apolipoprotein B – das größere, leberspezifische ApoB-100 und das kleinere, darmspezifische ApoB-48.

Die gleiche prä-mRNA kodiert beide Proteine; jedoch wirkt ein darmspezifischer Komplex von Enzymen auf ein spezifisches Cytosin in der Nähe der Mitte der prä-mRNA und verwandelt ein CAA-Codon in UAA, ein Stoppcodon.

Dies führt dazu, dass das verkürzte ApoB-48-Protein im Darm produziert wird, während das unveränderte Apolipoprotein B pre-mRNA das ApoB-100-Protein in voller Länge in der Leber produziert.

Explore More Videos

RNA-Editierung Nukleotidsequenz Vorläufer-MRNA Proteinvariationen DNA-Sequenz Basendesaminierung Adenosin-Desaminierung Inosin Translationsmaschinerie RNA-Editing-Enzym ADAR Exon-Intron-Verbindung Glutamatrezeptor Cytidin-Desaminierung Apolipoprotein B Prä-mRNA

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